📍 NOTE
RubyGems (the GitHub org, not the website) suffered a hostile takeover in September 2025.
Ultimately 4 maintainers were hard removed and a reason has been given for only 1 of those, while 2 others resigned in protest.
It is a complicated story which is difficult to parse quickly.
Simply put - there was active policy for adding or removing maintainers/owners of rubygems and bundler, and those policies were not followed.
I'm adding notes like this to gems because I don't condone theft of repositories or gems from their rightful owners.
If a similar theft happened with my repos/gems, I'd hope some would stand up for me.
Disenfranchised former-maintainers have started gem.coop.
Once available I will publish there exclusively; unless RubyCentral makes amends with the community.
The "Technology for Humans: Joel Draper" podcast episode by reinteractive is the most cogent summary I'm aware of.
See here, here and here for more info on what comes next.
What I'm doing: A (WIP) proposal for bundler/gem scopes, and a (WIP) proposal for a federated gem server.

☯️ Dotenv::Merge

if ci_badges.map(&:color).detect { it != "green"} ☝️ let me know, as I may have missed the discord notification.

if ci_badges.map(&:color).all? { it == "green"} 👇️ send money so I can do more of this. FLOSS maintenance is now my full-time job.

🌻 Synopsis

Dotenv::Merge is a standalone Ruby module that intelligently merges two versions of a dotenv (.env) file. It's like a smart "git merge" specifically designed for environment configuration files. Built on top of ast-merge, it shares the same architecture as prism-merge for Ruby source files.

Key Features

Dotenv-Aware: Understands dotenv file format (KEY=value, comments, exports)
Intelligent: Matches environment variables by key name
Comment-Preserving: Comments and blank lines are preserved in their context
Freeze Block Support: Respects freeze markers (default: dotenv-merge:freeze / dotenv-merge:unfreeze) for merge control - customizable to match your project's conventions
Full Provenance: Tracks origin of every line
Standalone: Minimal dependencies - just ast-merge
Customizable:
- signature_generator - callable custom signature generators
- preference - setting of :template, :destination, or a Hash for per-node-type preferences
- node_splitter - Hash mapping node types to callables for per-node-type merge customization (see ast-merge docs)
- add_template_only_nodes - setting to retain variables that do not exist in destination
- freeze_token - customize freeze block markers (default: "dotenv-merge")

Supported Line Types

Line Type	Format	Matching Behavior
Assignment	`KEY=value`	Variables match by key name
Export	`export KEY=value`	Treated as assignment with export flag
Comment	`# comment text`	Preserved in context
Blank	(empty line)	Preserved for readability
Double-quoted	`KEY="value with\nescapes"`	Escape sequences processed
Single-quoted	`KEY='literal value'`	No escape processing
Inline comment	`KEY=value # comment`	Comment stripped from value

Example

require "dotenv/merge"

template = File.read("template.env")
destination = File.read("destination.env")

merger = Dotenv::Merge::SmartMerger.new(template, destination)
result = merger.merge

File.write("merged.env", result.to_s)

Part of a gem family

Gem	File Type	Parser
ast-merge	Text	internal
prism-merge	Ruby	Prism
psych-merge	YAML	Psych
json-merge	JSON	tree-sitter-json
jsonc-merge	JSONC	⚠️ tree-sitter-jsonc (PoC)
bash-merge	Shell	tree-sitter-bash
rbs-merge	RBS Types	RBS
dotenv-merge	Dotenv	internal
toml-merge	TOML	tree-sitter-toml
markdown-merge	Markdown	base classes
markly-merge	Markdown	Markly (cmark-gfm)
commonmarker-merge	Markdown	Commonmarker (Comrak)

Example implementations for the gem templating use case:

Gem	Purpose
kettle-dev	Gem templating tool
kettle-jem	Gem template library

Configuration

merger = Dotenv::Merge::SmartMerger.new(
  template_content,
  dest_content,
  # Which version to prefer when variables match
  # :destination (default) - keep destination values
  # :template - use template values
  preference: :destination,

  # Whether to add template-only variables to the result
  # false (default) - only include variables that exist in destination
  # true - include all template variables
  add_template_only_nodes: false,

  # Token for freeze block markers
  # Default: "dotenv-merge"
  # Looks for: # dotenv-merge:freeze / # dotenv-merge:unfreeze
  freeze_token: "dotenv-merge",

  # Custom signature generator (optional)
  # Receives an EnvLine, returns a signature array or nil
  signature_generator: ->(line) { [:env, line.key] if line.assignment? },
)

Basic Usage

Simple Merge

require "dotenv/merge"

# Template defines the structure
template = "# Database configuration\nDATABASE_URL=postgres://localhost/myapp_dev\nDATABASE_POOL=5\n\n# API keys\nAPI_KEY=your_api_key_here\nAPI_SECRET=your_secret_here\n"

# Destination has customizations
destination = "# Database configuration\nDATABASE_URL=postgres://production.example.com/myapp\nDATABASE_POOL=25\n\n# Custom setting not in template\nCUSTOM_SETTING=my_value\n"

merger = Dotenv::Merge::SmartMerger.new(template, destination)
result = merger.merge
puts result

Using Freeze Blocks

Freeze blocks protect sections from being overwritten during merge:

# Database configuration
DATABASE_URL=postgres://localhost/myapp_dev

# dotenv-merge:freeze Custom API credentials
API_KEY=my_secret_production_key
API_SECRET=super_secret_value
# dotenv-merge:unfreeze

# Other settings
DEBUG=false

Content between # dotenv-merge:freeze and # dotenv-merge:unfreeze markers is preserved from the destination file, regardless of what the template contains.

Adding Template-Only Variables

merger = Dotenv::Merge::SmartMerger.new(
  template,
  destination,
  add_template_only_nodes: true,
)
result = merger.merge
# Result includes variables from template that don't exist in destination

The `*-merge` Gem Family

This gem is part of a family of gems that provide intelligent merging for various file formats:

Gem	Format	Parser	Description
ast-merge	Text	internal	Shared infrastructure for all `*-merge` gems
prism-merge	Ruby	Prism	Smart merge for Ruby source files
psych-merge	YAML	Psych	Smart merge for YAML files
json-merge	JSON	tree-sitter-json	Smart merge for JSON files
jsonc-merge	JSONC	tree-sitter-jsonc	⚠️ Proof of concept; Smart merge for JSON with Comments
bash-merge	Bash	tree-sitter-bash	Smart merge for Bash scripts
rbs-merge	RBS	RBS	Smart merge for Ruby type signatures
dotenv-merge	Dotenv	internal (dotenv)	Smart merge for `.env` files
toml-merge	TOML	tree-sitter-toml	Smart merge for TOML files
markly-merge	Markdown	Markly	Smart merge for Markdown (CommonMark via libcmark-gfm)
commonmarker-merge	Markdown	Commonmarker	Smart merge for Markdown (CommonMark via comrak)

💡 Info you can shake a stick at

Tokens to Remember
Works with JRuby
Works with Truffle Ruby
Works with MRI Ruby 3
Support & Community
Source
Documentation
Compliance
Style
Maintainer 🎖️
`...` 💖	🧊 🐙 🛖 🧪

Compatibility

Compatible with MRI Ruby 3.2.0+, and concordant releases of JRuby, and TruffleRuby.

🚚 Amazing test matrix was brought to you by	🔎 appraisal2 🔎 and the color 💚 green 💚
👟 Check it out!	✨ github.com/appraisal-rb/appraisal2 ✨

Federated DVCS

Find this repo on federated forges (Coming soon!)

| Federated [DVCS][💎d-in-dvcs] Repository | Status | Issues | PRs | Wiki | CI | Discussions | |-------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|--------------------------|---------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------------| | 🧪 [kettle-rb/dotenv-merge on GitLab][📜src-gl] | The Truth | [💚][🤝gl-issues] | [💚][🤝gl-pulls] | [💚][📜gl-wiki] | 🐭 Tiny Matrix | ➖ | | 🧊 [kettle-rb/dotenv-merge on CodeBerg][📜src-cb] | An Ethical Mirror ([Donate][🤝cb-donate]) | [💚][🤝cb-issues] | [💚][🤝cb-pulls] | ➖ | ⭕️ No Matrix | ➖ | | 🐙 [kettle-rb/dotenv-merge on GitHub][📜src-gh] | Another Mirror | [💚][🤝gh-issues] | [💚][🤝gh-pulls] | [💚][📜gh-wiki] | 💯 Full Matrix | [💚][gh-discussions] | | 🎮️ [Discord Server][✉️discord-invite] | [![Live Chat on Discord][✉️discord-invite-img-ftb]][✉️discord-invite] | [Let's][✉️discord-invite] | [talk][✉️discord-invite] | [about][✉️discord-invite] | [this][✉️discord-invite] | [library!][✉️discord-invite] |

Enterprise Support

Available as part of the Tidelift Subscription.

Need enterprise-level guarantees?

The maintainers of this and thousands of other packages are working with Tidelift to deliver commercial support and maintenance for the open source packages you use to build your applications. Save time, reduce risk, and improve code health, while paying the maintainers of the exact packages you use. [![Get help from me on Tidelift][🏙️entsup-tidelift-img]][🏙️entsup-tidelift] - 💡Subscribe for support guarantees covering _all_ your FLOSS dependencies - 💡Tidelift is part of [Sonar][🏙️entsup-tidelift-sonar] - 💡Tidelift pays maintainers to maintain the software you depend on!
📊`@`Pointy Haired Boss: An [enterprise support][🏙️entsup-tidelift] subscription is "[never gonna let you down][🧮kloc]", and *supports* open source maintainers Alternatively: - [![Live Chat on Discord][✉️discord-invite-img-ftb]][✉️discord-invite] - [![Get help from me on Upwork][👨🏼‍🏫expsup-upwork-img]][👨🏼‍🏫expsup-upwork] - [![Get help from me on Codementor][👨🏼‍🏫expsup-codementor-img]][👨🏼‍🏫expsup-codementor]

✨ Installation

Install the gem and add to the application's Gemfile by executing:

bundle add dotenv-merge

If bundler is not being used to manage dependencies, install the gem by executing:

gem install dotenv-merge

🔒 Secure Installation

For Medium or High Security Installations

This gem is cryptographically signed, and has verifiable [SHA-256 and SHA-512][💎SHA_checksums] checksums by [stone_checksums][💎stone_checksums]. Be sure the gem you install hasn’t been tampered with by following the instructions below. Add my public key (if you haven’t already, expires 2045-04-29) as a trusted certificate: ```console gem cert --add <(curl -Ls https://raw.github.com/galtzo-floss/certs/main/pboling.pem) ``` You only need to do that once. Then proceed to install with: ```console gem install dotenv-merge -P HighSecurity ``` The `HighSecurity` trust profile will verify signed gems, and not allow the installation of unsigned dependencies. If you want to up your security game full-time: ```console bundle config set --global trust-policy MediumSecurity ``` `MediumSecurity` instead of `HighSecurity` is necessary if not all the gems you use are signed. NOTE: Be prepared to track down certs for signed gems and add them the same way you added mine.

⚙️ Configuration

merger = Dotenv::Merge::SmartMerger.new(
  template,
  destination,
  # When conflicts occur, prefer template or destination values
  preference: :template,            # or :destination (default)
  # Add entries that only exist in template
  add_template_only_nodes: true,    # default: false
)

Signature Match Preference

Control which source wins when both files have the same key:

:template - Template values replace destination values
- Version files (VERSION=2.0.0 should replace VERSION=1.0.0)
- API endpoint updates (API_URL=https://new-api.example.com)
:destination (default) - Destination values are preserved
- Local development settings
- Project-specific customizations

Template-Only Nodes

Control whether to add entries that only exist in the template:

true - Add new entries from template
- New required environment variables
- New configuration options
false (default) - Skip template-only entries
- Template has placeholder values
- Destination is authoritative

🔧 Basic Usage

Simple Merge

require "dotenv/merge"

template = File.read("template.env")
destination = File.read("destination.env")

merger = Dotenv::Merge::SmartMerger.new(template, destination)
result = merger.merge

File.write("merged.env", result)

Working with Freeze Blocks

Freeze blocks protect sections of your .env file from being modified during merges:

# << FREEZE: project_secrets
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://localhost/myapp_dev
SECRET_KEY_BASE=my_local_secret_key_value
# >> FREEZE: project_secrets

# These entries can be updated by template
API_VERSION=v2

Adding Template-Only Entries

# Template introduces a new required variable
template = "DATABASE_URL=postgresql://localhost/template_db\nNEW_FEATURE_FLAG=enabled\n"

destination = "DATABASE_URL=postgresql://localhost/myapp_dev\n"

merger = Dotenv::Merge::SmartMerger.new(
  template,
  destination,
  add_template_only_nodes: true,
)
result = merger.merge
# Result includes DATABASE_URL from destination + NEW_FEATURE_FLAG from template

🦷 FLOSS Funding

While kettle-rb tools are free software and will always be, the project would benefit immensely from some funding. Raising a monthly budget of... "dollars" would make the project more sustainable.

We welcome both individual and corporate sponsors! We also offer a wide array of funding channels to account for your preferences (although currently Open Collective is our preferred funding platform).

If you're working in a company that's making significant use of kettle-rb tools we'd appreciate it if you suggest to your company to become a kettle-rb sponsor.

You can support the development of kettle-rb tools via GitHub Sponsors, Liberapay, PayPal, Open Collective and Tidelift.

📍 NOTE
If doing a sponsorship in the form of donation is problematic for your company from an accounting standpoint, we'd recommend the use of Tidelift, where you can get a support-like subscription instead.

Open Collective for Individuals

Support us with a monthly donation and help us continue our activities. [Become a backer]

NOTE: kettle-readme-backers updates this list every day, automatically.

No backers yet. Be the first!

Open Collective for Organizations

Become a sponsor and get your logo on our README on GitHub with a link to your site. [Become a sponsor]

NOTE: kettle-readme-backers updates this list every day, automatically.

No sponsors yet. Be the first!

Another way to support open-source

I’m driven by a passion to foster a thriving open-source community – a space where people can tackle complex problems, no matter how small. Revitalizing libraries that have fallen into disrepair, and building new libraries focused on solving real-world challenges, are my passions. I was recently affected by layoffs, and the tech jobs market is unwelcoming. I’m reaching out here because your support would significantly aid my efforts to provide for my family, and my farm (11 🐔 chickens, 2 🐶 dogs, 3 🐰 rabbits, 8 🐈‍ cats).

If you work at a company that uses my work, please encourage them to support me as a corporate sponsor. My work on gems you use might show up in bundle fund.

I’m developing a new library, floss_funding, designed to empower open-source developers like myself to get paid for the work we do, in a sustainable way. Please give it a look.

Floss-Funding.dev: 👉️ No network calls. 👉️ No tracking. 👉️ No oversight. 👉️ Minimal crypto hashing. 💡 Easily disabled nags

🔐 Security

See SECURITY.md.

🤝 Contributing

If you need some ideas of where to help, you could work on adding more code coverage, or if it is already 💯 (see below) check reek, issues, or PRs, or use the gem and think about how it could be better.

We so if you make changes, remember to update it.

See CONTRIBUTING.md for more detailed instructions.

🚀 Release Instructions

See CONTRIBUTING.md.

Code Coverage

🪇 Code of Conduct

Everyone interacting with this project's codebases, issue trackers, chat rooms and mailing lists agrees to follow the .

🌈 Contributors

Made with contributors-img.

Also see GitLab Contributors: https://gitlab.com/kettle-rb/dotenv-merge/-/graphs/main

⭐️ Star History

📌 Versioning

This Library adheres to . Violations of this scheme should be reported as bugs. Specifically, if a minor or patch version is released that breaks backward compatibility, a new version should be immediately released that restores compatibility. Breaking changes to the public API will only be introduced with new major versions.

dropping support for a platform is both obviously and objectively a breaking change
—Jordan Harband (@ljharb, maintainer of SemVer) in SemVer issue 716

I understand that policy doesn't work universally ("exceptions to every rule!"), but it is the policy here. As such, in many cases it is good to specify a dependency on this library using the Pessimistic Version Constraint with two digits of precision.

For example:

spec.add_dependency("dotenv-merge", "~> 1.0")

📌 Is "Platform Support" part of the public API? More details inside.

SemVer should, IMO, but doesn't explicitly, say that dropping support for specific Platforms is a *breaking change* to an API, and for that reason the bike shedding is endless. To get a better understanding of how SemVer is intended to work over a project's lifetime, read this article from the creator of SemVer: - ["Major Version Numbers are Not Sacred"][📌major-versions-not-sacred]

See CHANGELOG.md for a list of releases.

📄 License

The gem is available as open source under the terms of the MIT License . See LICENSE.txt for the official Copyright Notice.

© Copyright

🤑 A request for help

Maintainers have teeth and need to pay their dentists. After getting laid off in an RIF in March, and encountering difficulty finding a new one, I began spending most of my time building open source tools. I'm hoping to be able to pay for my kids' health insurance this month, so if you value the work I am doing, I need your support. Please consider sponsoring me or the project.

To join the community or get help 👇️ Join the Discord.

To say "thanks!" ☝️ Join the Discord or 👇️ send money.

💌 💌 💌

Please give the project a star ⭐ ♥.

Thanks for RTFM. ☺️

☯️ Dotenv::Merge

🌻 Synopsis

Key Features

Supported Line Types

Example

Part of a gem family

Configuration

Basic Usage

Simple Merge

Using Freeze Blocks

Adding Template-Only Variables

The *-merge Gem Family

💡 Info you can shake a stick at

Compatibility

Federated DVCS

Enterprise Support

✨ Installation

🔒 Secure Installation

⚙️ Configuration

Signature Match Preference

Template-Only Nodes

🔧 Basic Usage

Simple Merge

Working with Freeze Blocks

Adding Template-Only Entries

🦷 FLOSS Funding

Open Collective for Individuals

Open Collective for Organizations

Another way to support open-source

🔐 Security

🤝 Contributing

🚀 Release Instructions

Code Coverage

🪇 Code of Conduct

🌈 Contributors

📌 Versioning

📄 License

© Copyright

🤑 A request for help

Please give the project a star ⭐ ♥.

The `*-merge` Gem Family