pg

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Description

Pg is the Ruby interface to the PostgreSQL RDBMS. It works with PostgreSQL 9.3 and later.

A small example usage:

  #!/usr/bin/env ruby

  require 'pg'

  # Output a table of current connections to the DB
  conn = PG.connect( dbname: 'sales' )
  conn.exec( "SELECT * FROM pg_stat_activity" ) do |result|
    puts "     PID | User             | Query"
    result.each do |row|
      puts " %7d | %-16s | %s " %
        row.values_at('pid', 'usename', 'query')
    end
  end

Build Status

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Requirements

  • Ruby 2.5 or newer
  • PostgreSQL 9.3.x or later (with headers, -dev packages, etc).

It usually works with earlier versions of Ruby/PostgreSQL as well, but those are not regularly tested.

Versioning

We tag and release gems according to the Semantic Versioning principle.

As a result of this policy, you can (and should) specify a dependency on this gem using the Pessimistic Version Constraint with two digits of precision.

For example:

  spec.add_dependency 'pg', '~> 1.0'

How To Install

Install via RubyGems:

gem install pg

You may need to specify the path to the 'pg_config' program installed with Postgres:

gem install pg -- --with-pg-config=<path to pg_config>

If you're installing via Bundler, you can provide compile hints like so:

bundle config build.pg --with-pg-config=<path to pg_config>

See README-OS_X.rdoc for more information about installing under MacOS X, and README-Windows.rdoc for Windows build/installation instructions.

There's also a Google+ group and a mailing list if you get stuck, or just want to chat about something.

If you want to install as a signed gem, the public certs of the gem signers can be found in the certs directory of the repository.

Type Casts

Pg can optionally type cast result values and query parameters in Ruby or native C code. This can speed up data transfers to and from the database, because String allocations are reduced and conversions in (slower) Ruby code can be omitted.

Very basic type casting can be enabled by:

    conn.type_map_for_results = PG::BasicTypeMapForResults.new conn
    # ... this works for result value mapping:
    conn.exec("select 1, now(), '{2,3}'::int[]").values
        # => [[1, 2014-09-21 20:51:56 +0200, [2, 3]]]

    conn.type_map_for_queries = PG::BasicTypeMapForQueries.new conn
    # ... and this for param value mapping:
    conn.exec_params("SELECT $1::text, $2::text, $3::text", [1, 1.23, [2,3]]).values
        # => [["1", "1.2300000000000000E+00", "{2,3}"]]

But Pg's type casting is highly customizable. That's why it's divided into 2 layers:

Encoders / Decoders (ext/pg_*coder.c, lib/pg/*coder.rb)

This is the lower layer, containing encoding classes that convert Ruby objects for transmission to the DBMS and decoding classes to convert received data back to Ruby objects. The classes are namespaced according to their format and direction in PG::TextEncoder, PG::TextDecoder, PG::BinaryEncoder and PG::BinaryDecoder.

It is possible to assign a type OID, format code (text or binary) and optionally a name to an encoder or decoder object. It's also possible to build composite types by assigning an element encoder/decoder. PG::Coder objects can be used to set up a PG::TypeMap or alternatively to convert single values to/from their string representation.

The following PostgreSQL column types are supported by ruby-pg (TE = Text Encoder, TD = Text Decoder, BE = Binary Encoder, BD = Binary Decoder):

The following text and binary formats can also be encoded although they are not used as column type:

  • COPY input and output data: TE, TD, BE, BD
  • Literal for insertion into SQL string: TE
  • SQL-Identifier: TE, TD

PG::TypeMap and derivations (ext/pg_type_map*.c, lib/pg/type_map*.rb)

A TypeMap defines which value will be converted by which encoder/decoder. There are different type map strategies, implemented by several derivations of this class. They can be chosen and configured according to the particular needs for type casting. The default type map is PG::TypeMapAllStrings.

A type map can be assigned per connection or per query respectively per result set. Type maps can also be used for COPY in and out data streaming. See PG::Connection#copy_data .

The following base type maps are available:

  • PG::TypeMapAllStrings - encodes and decodes all values to and from strings (default)
  • PG::TypeMapByClass - selects encoder based on the class of the value to be sent
  • PG::TypeMapByColumn - selects encoder and decoder by column order
  • PG::TypeMapByOid - selects decoder by PostgreSQL type OID
  • PG::TypeMapInRuby - define a custom type map in ruby

The following type maps are prefilled with type mappings from the PG::BasicTypeRegistry :

  • PG::BasicTypeMapForResults - a PG::TypeMapByOid prefilled with decoders for common PostgreSQL column types
  • PG::BasicTypeMapBasedOnResult - a PG::TypeMapByOid prefilled with encoders for common PostgreSQL column types
  • PG::BasicTypeMapForQueries - a PG::TypeMapByClass prefilled with encoders for common Ruby value classes

Thread support

PG is thread safe in such a way that different threads can use different PG::Connection objects concurrently. However it is not safe to access any Pg objects simultaneously from more than one thread. So make sure to open a new database server connection for every new thread or use a wrapper library like ActiveRecord that manages connections in a thread safe way.

If messages like the following are printed to stderr, you're probably using one connection from several threads:

message type 0x31 arrived from server while idle
message type 0x32 arrived from server while idle
message type 0x54 arrived from server while idle
message type 0x43 arrived from server while idle
message type 0x5a arrived from server while idle

Fiber IO scheduler support

Pg is fully compatible with Fiber.scheduler introduced in Ruby-3.0 since pg-1.3.0. On Windows support for Fiber.scheduler is available on Ruby-3.1 or newer. All possibly blocking IO operations are routed through the Fiber.scheduler if one is registered for the running thread. That is why pg internally uses the asynchronous libpq interface even for synchronous/blocking method calls. It also uses Ruby's DNS resolution instead of libpq's builtin functions.

Internally Pg always uses the nonblocking connection mode of libpq. It then behaves like running in blocking mode but ensures, that all blocking IO is handled in Ruby through a possibly registered Fiber.scheduler. When PG::Connection.setnonblocking(true) is called then the nonblocking state stays enabled, but the additional handling of blocking states is disabled, so that the calling program has to handle blocking states on its own.

An exception to this rule are the methods for large objects like PG::Connection#lo_create and authentication methods using external libraries (like GSSAPI authentication). They are not compatible with Fiber.scheduler, so that blocking states are not passed to the registered IO scheduler. That means the operation will work properly, but IO waiting states can not be used to switch to another Fiber doing IO.

Ractor support

Pg is fully compatible with Ractor introduced in Ruby-3.0 since pg-1.5.0. All type en/decoders and type maps are shareable between ractors if they are made frozen by Ractor.make_shareable. Also frozen PG::Result and PG::Tuple objects can be shared. All frozen objects (except PG::Connection) can still be used to do communication with the PostgreSQL server or to read retrieved data.

PG::Connection is not shareable and must be created within each Ractor to establish a dedicated connection.

Contributing

To report bugs, suggest features, or check out the source with Git, check out the project page.

After checking out the source, install all dependencies:

$ bundle install

Cleanup extension files, packaging files, test databases. Run this to change between PostgreSQL versions:

$ rake clean

Compile extension:

$ rake compile

Run tests/specs on the PostgreSQL version that pg_config --bindir points to:

$ rake test

Or run a specific test per file and line number on a specific PostgreSQL version:

$ PATH=/usr/lib/postgresql/14/bin:$PATH rspec -Ilib -fd spec/pg/connection_spec.rb:455

Generate the API documentation:

$ rake docs

Make sure, that all bugs and new features are verified by tests.

The current maintainers are Michael Granger [email protected] and Lars Kanis [email protected].

Copying

Copyright (c) 1997-2022 by the authors.

You may redistribute this software under the same terms as Ruby itself; see https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/about/license.txt or the BSDL file in the source for details.

Portions of the code are from the PostgreSQL project, and are distributed under the terms of the PostgreSQL license, included in the file POSTGRES.

Portions copyright LAIKA, Inc.

Acknowledgments

See Contributors.rdoc for the many additional fine people that have contributed to this library over the years.

We are thankful to the people at the ruby-list and ruby-dev mailing lists. And to the people who developed PostgreSQL.