Module: Etc

Defined in:
etc.c

Constant Summary collapse

VERSION =
rb_str_new_cstr(RUBY_ETC_VERSION)
Passwd =

Passwd

Passwd is a Struct that contains the following members:

name

contains the short login name of the user as a String.

passwd

contains the encrypted password of the user as a String. an ‘x’ is returned if shadow passwords are in use. An ‘*’ is returned

if the user cannot log in using a password.
uid

contains the integer user ID (uid) of the user.

gid

contains the integer group ID (gid) of the user’s primary group.

dir

contains the path to the home directory of the user as a String.

shell

contains the path to the login shell of the user as a String.

The following members below are optional, and must be compiled with special flags:

gecos

contains a longer String description of the user, such as

a full name. Some Unix systems provide structured information in the
 gecos field, but this is system-dependent.
 must be compiled with +HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_GECOS+
change

password change time(integer) must be compiled with HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_CHANGE

quota

quota value(integer) must be compiled with HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_QUOTA

age

password age(integer) must be compiled with HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_AGE

class

user access class(string) must be compiled with HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_CLASS

comment

comment(string) must be compiled with HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_COMMENT

expire

account expiration time(integer) must be compiled with HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_EXPIRE

Define-const
Group =

Group

Group is a Struct that is only available when compiled with HAVE_GETGRENT.

The struct contains the following members:

name

contains the name of the group as a String.

passwd

contains the encrypted password as a String. An ‘x’ is returned if password access to the group is not available; an empty string is returned if no password is needed to obtain membership of the group.

Must be compiled with HAVE_STRUCT_GROUP_GR_PASSWD.

gid

contains the group’s numeric ID as an integer.

mem

is an Array of Strings containing the short login names of the members of the group.

Define-const

Class Method Summary collapse

Class Method Details

.confstr(arg) ⇒ Object

Returns system configuration variable using confstr().

name should be a constant under Etc which begins with CS_.

The return value is a string or nil. nil means no configuration-defined value. (confstr() returns 0 but errno is not set.)

Etc.confstr(Etc::CS_PATH) #=> "/bin:/usr/bin"

# GNU/Linux
Etc.confstr(Etc::CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION) #=> "glibc 2.18"
Etc.confstr(Etc::CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION) #=> "NPTL 2.18"


853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
# File 'etc.c', line 853

static VALUE
etc_confstr(VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
{
    int name;
    char localbuf[128], *buf = localbuf;
    size_t bufsize = sizeof(localbuf), ret;
    VALUE tmp;

    name = NUM2INT(arg);

    errno = 0;
    ret = confstr(name, buf, bufsize);
    if (bufsize < ret) {
        bufsize = ret;
        buf = ALLOCV_N(char, tmp, bufsize);
        errno = 0;
        ret = confstr(name, buf, bufsize);
    }
    if (bufsize < ret)
        rb_bug("required buffer size for confstr() changed dynamically.");
    if (ret == 0) {
        if (errno == 0) /* no configuration-defined value */
            return Qnil;
        rb_sys_fail("confstr");
    }
    return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
}

.endgrentObject

Ends the process of scanning through the /etc/group file begun by ::getgrent, and closes the file.



586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
# File 'etc.c', line 586

static VALUE
etc_endgrent(VALUE obj)
{
#ifdef HAVE_GETGRENT
    endgrent();
#endif
    return Qnil;
}

.endpwentObject

Ends the process of scanning through the /etc/passwd file begun with ::getpwent, and closes the file.



348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
# File 'etc.c', line 348

static VALUE
etc_endpwent(VALUE obj)
{
#ifdef HAVE_GETPWENT
    endpwent();
#endif
    return Qnil;
}

.getgrentObject

Returns an entry from the /etc/group file.

The first time it is called it opens the file and returns the first entry; each successive call returns the next entry, or nil if the end of the file has been reached.

To close the file when processing is complete, call ::endgrent.

Each entry is returned as a Group struct



605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
# File 'etc.c', line 605

static VALUE
etc_getgrent(VALUE obj)
{
#ifdef HAVE_GETGRENT
    struct group *gr;

    if ((gr = getgrent()) != 0) {
	return setup_group(gr);
    }
#endif
    return Qnil;
}

.getgrgid(*args) ⇒ Object

getgrgid(group_id) -> Group

Returns information about the group with specified integer group_id, as found in /etc/group.

The information is returned as a Group struct.

See the unix manpage for getgrgid(3) for more detail.

Example:

Etc.getgrgid(100) #=> #<struct Etc::Group name=“users”, passwd=“x”, gid=100, mem=[“meta”, “root”]>



420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
# File 'etc.c', line 420

static VALUE
etc_getgrgid(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
#ifdef HAVE_GETGRENT
    VALUE id;
    gid_t gid;
    struct group *grp;

    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &id) == 1) {
	gid = NUM2GIDT(id);
    }
    else {
	gid = getgid();
    }
    grp = getgrgid(gid);
    if (grp == 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't find group for %d", (int)gid);
    return setup_group(grp);
#else
    return Qnil;
#endif
}

.getgrnam(nam) ⇒ Object

getgrnam(name) -> Group

Returns information about the group with specified name, as found in /etc/group.

The information is returned as a Group struct.

See the unix manpage for getgrnam(3) for more detail.

Example:

Etc.getgrnam(‘users’) #=> #<struct Etc::Group name=“users”, passwd=“x”, gid=100, mem=[“meta”, “root”]>



458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
# File 'etc.c', line 458

static VALUE
etc_getgrnam(VALUE obj, VALUE nam)
{
#ifdef HAVE_GETGRENT
    struct group *grp;
    const char *p = StringValueCStr(nam);

    grp = getgrnam(p);
    if (grp == 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't find group for %"PRIsVALUE, nam);
    return setup_group(grp);
#else
    return Qnil;
#endif
}

.getloginObject

getlogin -> String

Returns the short user name of the currently logged in user. Unfortunately, it is often rather easy to fool ::getlogin.

Avoid ::getlogin for security-related purposes.

If ::getlogin fails, try ::getpwuid.

See the unix manpage for getpwuid(3) for more detail.

e.g.

Etc.getlogin -> 'guest'


74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
# File 'etc.c', line 74

static VALUE
etc_getlogin(VALUE obj)
{
    char *login;

#ifdef HAVE_GETLOGIN
    login = getlogin();
    if (!login) login = getenv("USER");
#else
    login = getenv("USER");
#endif

    if (login) {
#ifdef _WIN32
	rb_encoding *extenc = rb_utf8_encoding();
#else
	rb_encoding *extenc = rb_locale_encoding();
#endif
	return rb_external_str_new_with_enc(login, strlen(login), extenc);
    }

    return Qnil;
}

.getpwentObject

Returns an entry from the /etc/passwd file.

The first time it is called it opens the file and returns the first entry; each successive call returns the next entry, or nil if the end of the file has been reached.

To close the file when processing is complete, call ::endpwent.

Each entry is returned as a Passwd struct.



368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
# File 'etc.c', line 368

static VALUE
etc_getpwent(VALUE obj)
{
#ifdef HAVE_GETPWENT
    struct passwd *pw;

    if ((pw = getpwent()) != 0) {
	return setup_passwd(pw);
    }
#endif
    return Qnil;
}

.getpwnam(nam) ⇒ Object

getpwnam(name) -> Passwd

Returns the /etc/passwd information for the user with specified login name.

The information is returned as a Passwd struct.

See the unix manpage for getpwnam(3) for more detail.

Example:

Etc.getpwnam(‘root’) #=> #<struct Etc::Passwd name=“root”, passwd=“x”, uid=0, gid=0, gecos=“root”,dir=“/root”, shell=“/bin/bash”>



215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
# File 'etc.c', line 215

static VALUE
etc_getpwnam(VALUE obj, VALUE nam)
{
#ifdef HAVE_GETPWENT
    struct passwd *pwd;
    const char *p = StringValueCStr(nam);

    pwd = getpwnam(p);
    if (pwd == 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't find user for %"PRIsVALUE, nam);
    return setup_passwd(pwd);
#else
    return Qnil;
#endif
}

.getpwuid(*args) ⇒ Object

getpwuid(uid) -> Passwd

Returns the /etc/passwd information for the user with the given integer uid.

The information is returned as a Passwd struct.

If uid is omitted, the value from Passwd[:uid] is returned instead.

See the unix manpage for getpwuid(3) for more detail.

Example:

Etc.getpwuid(0) #=> #<struct Etc::Passwd name=“root”, passwd=“x”, uid=0, gid=0, gecos=“root”,dir=“/root”, shell=“/bin/bash”>



178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
# File 'etc.c', line 178

static VALUE
etc_getpwuid(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
#if defined(HAVE_GETPWENT)
    VALUE id;
    rb_uid_t uid;
    struct passwd *pwd;

    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &id) == 1) {
	uid = NUM2UIDT(id);
    }
    else {
	uid = getuid();
    }
    pwd = getpwuid(uid);
    if (pwd == 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't find user for %d", (int)uid);
    return setup_passwd(pwd);
#else
    return Qnil;
#endif
}

.groupObject

Provides a convenient Ruby iterator which executes a block for each entry in the /etc/group file.

The code block is passed an Group struct.

See ::getgrent above for details.

Example:

require 'etc'

Etc.group {|g|
  puts g.name + ": " + g.mem.join(', ')
}


523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
# File 'etc.c', line 523

static VALUE
etc_group(VALUE obj)
{
#ifdef HAVE_GETGRENT
    struct group *grp;

    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
	each_group();
    }
    else if ((grp = getgrent()) != 0) {
	return setup_group(grp);
    }
#endif
    return Qnil;
}

.nprocessorsObject

Returns the number of online processors.

The result is intended as the number of processes to use all available processors.

This method is implemented using:

  • sched_getaffinity(): Linux

  • sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN): GNU/Linux, NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFly BSD, OpenIndiana, Mac OS X, AIX

Example:

require 'etc'
p Etc.nprocessors #=> 4

The result might be smaller number than physical cpus especially when ruby process is bound to specific cpus. This is intended for getting better parallel processing.

Example: (Linux)

linux$ taskset 0x3 ./ruby -retc -e "p Etc.nprocessors"  #=> 2


1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
# File 'etc.c', line 1003

static VALUE
etc_nprocessors(VALUE obj)
{
    long ret;

#if !defined(_WIN32)

#if defined(HAVE_SCHED_GETAFFINITY) && defined(CPU_ALLOC)
    int ncpus;

    ncpus = etc_nprocessors_affin();
    if (ncpus != -1) {
	return INT2NUM(ncpus);
    }
    /* fallback to _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN */
#endif

    errno = 0;
    ret = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
    if (ret == -1) {
        rb_sys_fail("sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN)");
    }
#else
    SYSTEM_INFO si;
    GetSystemInfo(&si);
    ret = (long)si.dwNumberOfProcessors;
#endif
    return LONG2NUM(ret);
}

.passwdObject

Etc.passwd { |struct| block } -> Passwd Etc.passwd -> Passwd

Provides a convenient Ruby iterator which executes a block for each entry in the /etc/passwd file.

The code block is passed an Passwd struct.

See ::getpwent above for details.

Example:

require 'etc'

Etc.passwd {|u|
  puts u.name + " = " + u.gecos
}


283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
# File 'etc.c', line 283

static VALUE
etc_passwd(VALUE obj)
{
#ifdef HAVE_GETPWENT
    struct passwd *pw;

    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
	each_passwd();
    }
    else if ((pw = getpwent()) != 0) {
	return setup_passwd(pw);
    }
#endif
    return Qnil;
}

.setgrentObject

Resets the process of reading the /etc/group file, so that the next call to ::getgrent will return the first entry again.



574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
# File 'etc.c', line 574

static VALUE
etc_setgrent(VALUE obj)
{
#ifdef HAVE_GETGRENT
    setgrent();
#endif
    return Qnil;
}

.setpwentObject

Resets the process of reading the /etc/passwd file, so that the next call to ::getpwent will return the first entry again.



336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
# File 'etc.c', line 336

static VALUE
etc_setpwent(VALUE obj)
{
#ifdef HAVE_GETPWENT
    setpwent();
#endif
    return Qnil;
}

.sysconf(arg) ⇒ Object

Returns system configuration variable using sysconf().

name should be a constant under Etc which begins with SC_.

The return value is an integer or nil. nil means indefinite limit. (sysconf() returns -1 but errno is not set.)

Etc.sysconf(Etc::SC_ARG_MAX) #=> 2097152
Etc.sysconf(Etc::SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX) #=> 256


816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
# File 'etc.c', line 816

static VALUE
etc_sysconf(VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
{
    int name;
    long ret;

    name = NUM2INT(arg);

    errno = 0;
    ret = sysconf(name);
    if (ret == -1) {
        if (errno == 0) /* no limit */
            return Qnil;
        rb_sys_fail("sysconf");
    }
    return LONG2NUM(ret);
}

.sysconfdirObject

Returns system configuration directory.

This is typically “/etc”, but is modified by the prefix used when Ruby was compiled. For example, if Ruby is built and installed in /usr/local, returns “/usr/local/etc” on other platforms than Windows. On Windows, this always returns the directory provided by the system.



634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
# File 'etc.c', line 634

static VALUE
etc_sysconfdir(VALUE obj)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    return rb_w32_special_folder(CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA);
#else
    return rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(SYSCONFDIR);
#endif
}

.systmpdirObject

Returns system temporary directory; typically “/tmp”.



647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
# File 'etc.c', line 647

static VALUE
etc_systmpdir(VALUE _)
{
    VALUE tmpdir;
#ifdef _WIN32
    WCHAR path[_MAX_PATH];
    UINT len = rb_w32_system_tmpdir(path, numberof(path));
    if (!len) return Qnil;
    tmpdir = rb_w32_conv_from_wchar(path, rb_filesystem_encoding());
#else
    const char default_tmp[] = "/tmp";
    const char *tmpstr = default_tmp;
    size_t tmplen = strlen(default_tmp);
# if defined _CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR
    #ifndef MAXPATHLEN
    #define MAXPATHLEN 1024
    #endif
    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
    size_t len;
    len = confstr(_CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR, path, sizeof(path));
    if (len > 0) {
	tmpstr = path;
	tmplen = len - 1;
	if (len > sizeof(path)) tmpstr = 0;
    }
# endif
    tmpdir = rb_filesystem_str_new(tmpstr, tmplen);
# if defined _CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR
    if (!tmpstr) {
	confstr(_CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR, RSTRING_PTR(tmpdir), len);
    }
# endif
#endif
#ifndef RB_PASS_KEYWORDS
    /* untaint on Ruby < 2.7 */
    FL_UNSET(tmpdir, FL_TAINT);
#endif
    return tmpdir;
}

.unameObject

Returns the system information obtained by uname system call.

The return value is a hash which has 5 keys at least:

:sysname, :nodename, :release, :version, :machine

Example:

require 'etc'
require 'pp'

pp Etc.uname
#=> {:sysname=>"Linux",
#    :nodename=>"boron",
#    :release=>"2.6.18-6-xen-686",
#    :version=>"#1 SMP Thu Nov 5 19:54:42 UTC 2009",
#    :machine=>"i686"}


707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
# File 'etc.c', line 707

static VALUE
etc_uname(VALUE obj)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    OSVERSIONINFOW v;
    SYSTEM_INFO s;
    const char *sysname, *mach;
    VALUE result, release, version;
    VALUE vbuf, nodename = Qnil;
    DWORD len = 0;
    WCHAR *buf;

    v.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(v);
    if (!GetVersionExW(&v))
        rb_sys_fail("GetVersionEx");

    result = rb_hash_new();
    switch (v.dwPlatformId) {
      case VER_PLATFORM_WIN32s:
	sysname = "Win32s";
	break;
      case VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT:
	sysname = "Windows_NT";
	break;
      case VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_WINDOWS:
      default:
	sysname = "Windows";
	break;
    }
    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern("sysname")), rb_str_new_cstr(sysname));
    release = rb_sprintf("%lu.%lu.%lu", v.dwMajorVersion, v.dwMinorVersion, v.dwBuildNumber);
    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern("release")), release);
    version = rb_sprintf("%s Version %"PRIsVALUE": %"PRIsVALUE, sysname, release,
			 rb_w32_conv_from_wchar(v.szCSDVersion, rb_utf8_encoding()));
    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern("version")), version);

# if defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER < 1300
#   define GET_COMPUTER_NAME(ptr, plen) GetComputerNameW(ptr, plen)
# else
#   define GET_COMPUTER_NAME(ptr, plen) GetComputerNameExW(ComputerNameDnsFullyQualified, ptr, plen)
# endif
    GET_COMPUTER_NAME(NULL, &len);
    buf = ALLOCV_N(WCHAR, vbuf, len);
    if (GET_COMPUTER_NAME(buf, &len)) {
	nodename = rb_w32_conv_from_wchar(buf, rb_utf8_encoding());
    }
    ALLOCV_END(vbuf);
    if (NIL_P(nodename)) nodename = rb_str_new(0, 0);
    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern("nodename")), nodename);

# ifndef PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64
#   define PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64 9
# endif
# ifndef PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_INTEL
#   define PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_INTEL 0
# endif
    GetSystemInfo(&s);
    switch (s.wProcessorArchitecture) {
      case PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64:
	mach = "x64";
	break;
      case PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_ARM:
	mach = "ARM";
	break;
      case PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_INTEL:
	mach = "x86";
	break;
      default:
	mach = "unknown";
	break;
    }

    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern("machine")), rb_str_new_cstr(mach));
#else
    struct utsname u;
    int ret;
    VALUE result;

    ret = uname(&u);
    if (ret == -1)
        rb_sys_fail("uname");

    result = rb_hash_new();
    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern("sysname")), rb_str_new_cstr(u.sysname));
    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern("nodename")), rb_str_new_cstr(u.nodename));
    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern("release")), rb_str_new_cstr(u.release));
    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern("version")), rb_str_new_cstr(u.version));
    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern("machine")), rb_str_new_cstr(u.machine));
#endif

    return result;
}