Class: Tempfile

Inherits:
File
  • Object
show all
Includes:
Dir::Tmpname
Defined in:
lib/tempfile.rb

Overview

A utility class for managing temporary files. When you create a Tempfile object, it will create a temporary file with a unique filename. A Tempfile objects behaves just like a File object, and you can perform all the usual file operations on it: reading data, writing data, changing its permissions, etc. So although this class does not explicitly document all instance methods supported by File, you can in fact call any File instance method on a Tempfile object.

Synopsis

require 'tempfile'

file = Tempfile.new('foo')
file.path      # => A unique filename in the OS's temp directory,
               #    e.g.: "/tmp/foo.24722.0"
               #    This filename contains 'foo' in its basename.
file.write("hello world")
file.rewind
file.read      # => "hello world"
file.close
file.unlink    # deletes the temp file

Good practices

Explicit close

When a Tempfile object is garbage collected, or when the Ruby interpreter exits, its associated temporary file is automatically deleted. This means that’s it’s unnecessary to explicitly delete a Tempfile after use, though it’s good practice to do so: not explicitly deleting unused Tempfiles can potentially leave behind large amounts of tempfiles on the filesystem until they’re garbage collected. The existence of these temp files can make it harder to determine a new Tempfile filename.

Therefore, one should always call #unlink or close in an ensure block, like this:

file = Tempfile.new('foo')
begin
   ...do something with file...
ensure
   file.close
   file.unlink   # deletes the temp file
end

Unlink after creation

On POSIX systems, it’s possible to unlink a file right after creating it, and before closing it. This removes the filesystem entry without closing the file handle, so it ensures that only the processes that already had the file handle open can access the file’s contents. It’s strongly recommended that you do this if you do not want any other processes to be able to read from or write to the Tempfile, and you do not need to know the Tempfile’s filename either.

For example, a practical use case for unlink-after-creation would be this: you need a large byte buffer that’s too large to comfortably fit in RAM, e.g. when you’re writing a web server and you want to buffer the client’s file upload data.

Please refer to #unlink for more information and a code example.

Minor notes

Tempfile’s filename picking method is both thread-safe and inter-process-safe: it guarantees that no other threads or processes will pick the same filename.

Tempfile itself however may not be entirely thread-safe. If you access the same Tempfile object from multiple threads then you should protect it with a mutex.

Defined Under Namespace

Classes: Remover

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Constructor Details

#initialize(basename, *rest) ⇒ Tempfile

call-seq:

new(basename, [tmpdir = Dir.tmpdir], [options])

Creates a temporary file with permissions 0600 (= only readable and writable by the owner) and opens it with mode “w+”.

The basename parameter is used to determine the name of the temporary file. You can either pass a String or an Array with 2 String elements. In the former form, the temporary file’s base name will begin with the given string. In the latter form, the temporary file’s base name will begin with the array’s first element, and end with the second element. For example:

file = Tempfile.new('hello')
file.path  # => something like: "/tmp/hello2843-8392-92849382--0"

# Use the Array form to enforce an extension in the filename:
file = Tempfile.new(['hello', '.jpg'])
file.path  # => something like: "/tmp/hello2843-8392-92849382--0.jpg"

The temporary file will be placed in the directory as specified by the tmpdir parameter. By default, this is Dir.tmpdir. When $SAFE > 0 and the given tmpdir is tainted, it uses ‘/tmp’ as the temporary directory. Please note that ENV values are tainted by default, and Dir.tmpdir‘s return value might come from environment variables (e.g. $TMPDIR).

file = Tempfile.new('hello', '/home/aisaka')
file.path  # => something like: "/home/aisaka/hello2843-8392-92849382--0"

You can also pass an options hash. Under the hood, Tempfile creates the temporary file using File.open. These options will be passed to File.open. This is mostly useful for specifying encoding options, e.g.:

Tempfile.new('hello', '/home/aisaka', :encoding => 'ascii-8bit')

# You can also omit the 'tmpdir' parameter:
Tempfile.new('hello', :encoding => 'ascii-8bit')

Exceptions

If Tempfile.new cannot find a unique filename within a limited number of tries, then it will raise an exception.



128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
# File 'lib/tempfile.rb', line 128

def initialize(basename, *rest)
  if block_given?
    warn "Tempfile.new doesn't call the given block."
  end
  @data = []
  @clean_proc = Remover.new(@data)
  ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, @clean_proc)

  ::Dir::Tmpname.create(basename, *rest) do |tmpname, n, opts|
    mode = File::RDWR|File::CREAT|File::EXCL
    perm = 0600
    if opts
      mode |= opts.delete(:mode) || 0
      opts[:perm] = perm
      perm = nil
    else
      opts = perm
    end
    @data[1] = @tmpfile = File.open(tmpname, mode, opts)
    @data[0] = @tmpname = tmpname
    @mode = mode & ~(File::CREAT|File::EXCL)
    perm or opts.freeze
    @opts = opts
  end

  super(@tmpfile)
end

Class Method Details

.create(basename, *rest) ⇒ Object

Creates a temporally file as usual File object (not Tempfile). It don’t use finalizer and delegation.

If no block is given, this is similar to Tempfile.new except creating File instead of Tempfile. The created file is not removed automatically. You should use File.unlink to remove it.

If a block is given, then a File object will be constructed, and the block is invoked with the object as the argument. The File object will be automatically closed and the temporally file is removed after the block terminates. The call returns the value of the block.

In any case, all arguments (+*args+) will be treated as Tempfile.new.

Tempfile.create('foo', '/home/temp') do |f|
   ... do something with f ...
end


355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
# File 'lib/tempfile.rb', line 355

def Tempfile.create(basename, *rest)
  tmpfile = nil
  Dir::Tmpname.create(basename, *rest) do |tmpname, n, opts|
    mode = File::RDWR|File::CREAT|File::EXCL
    perm = 0600
    if opts
      mode |= opts.delete(:mode) || 0
      opts[:perm] = perm
      perm = nil
    else
      opts = perm
    end
    tmpfile = File.open(tmpname, mode, opts)
  end
  if block_given?
    begin
      yield tmpfile
    ensure
      tmpfile.close if !tmpfile.closed?
      File.unlink tmpfile
    end
  else
    tmpfile
  end
end

.open(*args) ⇒ Object

Creates a new Tempfile.

If no block is given, this is a synonym for Tempfile.new.

If a block is given, then a Tempfile object will be constructed, and the block is run with said object as argument. The Tempfile object will be automatically closed after the block terminates. The call returns the value of the block.

In any case, all arguments (+*args+) will be passed to Tempfile.new.

Tempfile.open('foo', '/home/temp') do |f|
   ... do something with f ...
end

# Equivalent:
f = Tempfile.open('foo', '/home/temp')
begin
   ... do something with f ...
ensure
   f.close
end


319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
# File 'lib/tempfile.rb', line 319

def open(*args)
  tempfile = new(*args)

  if block_given?
    begin
      yield(tempfile)
    ensure
      tempfile.close
    end
  else
    tempfile
  end
end

Instance Method Details

#close(unlink_now = false) ⇒ Object

Closes the file. If unlink_now is true, then the file will be unlinked (deleted) after closing. Of course, you can choose to later call #unlink if you do not unlink it now.

If you don’t explicitly unlink the temporary file, the removal will be delayed until the object is finalized.



180
181
182
183
184
185
186
# File 'lib/tempfile.rb', line 180

def close(unlink_now=false)
  if unlink_now
    close!
  else
    _close
  end
end

#close!Object

Closes and unlinks (deletes) the file. Has the same effect as called close(true).



190
191
192
193
# File 'lib/tempfile.rb', line 190

def close!
  _close
  unlink
end

#inspectObject

:stopdoc:



265
266
267
# File 'lib/tempfile.rb', line 265

def inspect
  "#<#{self.class}:#{path}>"
end

#openObject

Opens or reopens the file with mode “r+”.



157
158
159
160
161
162
# File 'lib/tempfile.rb', line 157

def open
  @tmpfile.close if @tmpfile
  @tmpfile = File.open(@tmpname, @mode, @opts)
  @data[1] = @tmpfile
  __setobj__(@tmpfile)
end

#pathObject

Returns the full path name of the temporary file. This will be nil if #unlink has been called.



246
247
248
# File 'lib/tempfile.rb', line 246

def path
  @tmpname
end

#sizeObject Also known as: length

Returns the size of the temporary file. As a side effect, the IO buffer is flushed before determining the size.



252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
# File 'lib/tempfile.rb', line 252

def size
  if @tmpfile
    @tmpfile.flush
    @tmpfile.stat.size
  elsif @tmpname
    File.size(@tmpname)
  else
    0
  end
end

Unlinks (deletes) the file from the filesystem. One should always unlink the file after using it, as is explained in the “Explicit close” good practice section in the Tempfile overview:

file = Tempfile.new('foo')
begin
   ...do something with file...
ensure
   file.close
   file.unlink   # deletes the temp file
end

On POSIX systems it’s possible to unlink a file before closing it. This practice is explained in detail in the Tempfile overview (section “Unlink after creation”); please refer there for more information.

However, unlink-before-close may not be supported on non-POSIX operating systems. Microsoft Windows is the most notable case: unlinking a non-closed file will result in an error, which this method will silently ignore. If you want to practice unlink-before-close whenever possible, then you should write code like this:

file = Tempfile.new('foo')
file.unlink   # On Windows this silently fails.
begin
   ... do something with file ...
ensure
   file.close!   # Closes the file handle. If the file wasn't unlinked
                 # because #unlink failed, then this method will attempt
                 # to do so again.
end


228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
# File 'lib/tempfile.rb', line 228

def unlink
  return unless @tmpname
  begin
    File.unlink(@tmpname)
  rescue Errno::ENOENT
  rescue Errno::EACCES
    # may not be able to unlink on Windows; just ignore
    return
  end
  # remove tmpname from remover
  @data[0] = @data[1] = nil
  @tmpname = nil
  ObjectSpace.undefine_finalizer(self)
end