Module: Linguistics::Latin::Verb::Participles

Included in:
LatinVerb
Defined in:
lib/linguistics/latin/verb/participles.rb

Overview

NAME

Participles

DESCRIPTION

This module contains the methods that, when mixed into a LatinVerb, will provide it the ability to resolve its participles (verbal adjectives).

REFERENCE

Allen and Greenough Se. 155:

The following Noun and Adjective forms are also included in the
inflection of the Latin Verb:

a.  Four Participles, viz: --
<em>Active</em>:  the Present and Future Participles
<em>Passive</em>: the Perfect Participle and the Gerundive
b.  The Gerund:  this is in form a neuter noun of the second
declension used only in the oblique cases of hte singular.
c.  The Supine:  this is in form a verbal noun of the fourth
declension in the accusative (-um) and dative or ablative (-ū)
singular
...

Instance Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Details

#future_active_participle ⇒ Object

GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION

A&G,158,b. The Future Participle (ending in -ūrus) is oftenest used to express what is likely or about to happen: as, rēctūrus, about to rule…

ARGUMENTS

None

RETURNS

Array of participles



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# File 'lib/linguistics/latin/verb/participles.rb', line 84

def future_active_participle
  # In case we have an irregular, or somehow already have a /ūrus$/ we shouldn't do this
  mybase = (@passive_perfect_participle =~ /ūru.$/) ?
    @passive_perfect_participle.gsub(/u[sm]$/,'')
  :
    @passive_perfect_participle.gsub(/u[sm]$/, "ūr")

  singular_endings=%w(us a um)
  return singular_endings.collect{|x| mybase+"#{x}".chomp}.join(', ')
end

#future_passive_participle ⇒ Object

GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION

See: Gerundive

ARGUMENTS

None

RETURNS

Array of participles



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# File 'lib/linguistics/latin/verb/participles.rb', line 140

def future_passive_participle
  mybase = participial_stem+"nd"
  singular_endings=%w(us a um)
  return singular_endings.collect{|x|Linguistics::Latin::Phonographia.fix_macrons( mybase+"#{x}".chomp)}.join(', ')
end

#gerund ⇒ Object

– The gerund is a verbal noun (loving dancing, running) formed like the gerundive, except that it only has four forms: the n. singular of the gen, dative, acc, and abl (the oblique cases). They are identical to the corresponding cases of the gerundive but ae ative in meaning and correspond to the english “-ing”

Gerundive: verbal achective gerund: verbal noun

gerund only has oblique gerundive is passive in meaning, gerund is active:

A FUNNY THING I ALWAYS FORGET:

studium legeni libros ==>  studium librorum legendorum
discimus legendo libros ==>  discimus libris legendis

-- Source, Wheelock

++

alias_method :gerund, :gerundive



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# File 'lib/linguistics/latin/verb/participles.rb', line 194

def gerund
  b = gerundive.sub( /.*\s+(.*)um.*$/, "\\1" )
  b += "ī, ō, etc."
  return b
end

#gerundive ⇒ Object

GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION

A&G, 158,d.

The Gerundive (ending in -ndus) has two uses:

  1. …an adjective implying obligation…

  2. In the oblique cases the Gerundive commonly has the same meaning as

the Gerund … for examples see sec. 503

ARGUMENTS

None

RETURNS

Array of participles



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# File 'lib/linguistics/latin/verb/participles.rb', line 168

def gerundive
  self.future_passive_participle
end

#perfect_passive_participle ⇒ Object

GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION

158,c. The Perfect Participle (ending in -tus, -sus) has two uses:

  1. It is sometimes equivalent to the English perfect passive

participle:

as tеctus, sheltered; acceptus, accepted…; and often simply has an adjective meaning: as, acceptus, acceptable.

  1. It is used with the verb to be (esse) to form certain tenses of the

passive: as, vocātus est, he was (has been) called.

ARGUMENTS

None

RETURNS

Array of participles



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# File 'lib/linguistics/latin/verb/participles.rb', line 119

def perfect_passive_participle
  mybase=@passive_perfect_participle.sub(/u[sm]$/,'')
  singular_endings=%w(us a um)
  return singular_endings.collect{|x| mybase+"#{x}".chomp}.join(', ')
end

#present_active_participle ⇒ Object

GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION

A&G,158,a. The Present Participle (ending in -ns) has commly the meaning and use as the English participle in ‘ing; as vocāns, calling. For inflection see egēns, sec. 118

ARGUMENTS

None

RETURNS

Array of participles



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# File 'lib/linguistics/latin/verb/participles.rb', line 61

def present_active_participle
  raise "Participial stem was nil" if  participial_stem.nil?
  endings=%w(ns ntis)
  return endings.collect{ |x| Linguistics::Latin::Phonographia.fix_macrons(participial_stem+x.chomp)}.join(', ')
end