Class: Fixtures

Inherits:
Object
  • Object
show all
Defined in:
lib/active_record/fixtures.rb

Overview

Fixtures are a way of organizing data that you want to test against; in short, sample data. They come in 3 flavors:

1.  YAML fixtures
2.  CSV fixtures
3.  Single-file fixtures

YAML fixtures

This type of fixture is in YAML format and the preferred default. YAML is a file format which describes data structures in a non-verbose, human-readable format. It ships with Ruby 1.8.1+.

Unlike single-file fixtures, YAML fixtures are stored in a single file per model, which are placed in the directory appointed by ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path=(path) (this is automatically configured for Rails, so you can just put your files in <your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/). The fixture file ends with the .yml file extension (Rails example: <your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites.yml). The format of a YAML fixture file looks like this:

rubyonrails:
  id: 1
  name: Ruby on Rails
  url: http://www.rubyonrails.org

google:
  id: 2
  name: Google
  url: http://www.google.com

This YAML fixture file includes two fixtures. Each YAML fixture (ie. record) is given a name and is followed by an indented list of key/value pairs in the “key: value” format. Records are separated by a blank line for your viewing pleasure.

Note that YAML fixtures are unordered. If you want ordered fixtures, use the omap YAML type. See yaml.org/type/omap.html for the specification. You will need ordered fixtures when you have foreign key constraints on keys in the same table. This is commonly needed for tree structures. Example:

--- !omap
- parent:
    id:         1
    parent_id:  NULL
    title:      Parent
- child:
    id:         2
    parent_id:  1
    title:      Child

CSV fixtures

Fixtures can also be kept in the Comma Separated Value format. Akin to YAML fixtures, CSV fixtures are stored in a single file, but instead end with the .csv file extension (Rails example: <your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites.csv).

The format of this type of fixture file is much more compact than the others, but also a little harder to read by us humans. The first line of the CSV file is a comma-separated list of field names. The rest of the file is then comprised of the actual data (1 per line). Here’s an example:

id, name, url
1, Ruby On Rails, http://www.rubyonrails.org
2, Google, http://www.google.com

Should you have a piece of data with a comma character in it, you can place double quotes around that value. If you need to use a double quote character, you must escape it with another double quote.

Another unique attribute of the CSV fixture is that it has no fixture name like the other two formats. Instead, the fixture names are automatically generated by deriving the class name of the fixture file and adding an incrementing number to the end. In our example, the 1st fixture would be called “web_site_1” and the 2nd one would be called “web_site_2”.

Most databases and spreadsheets support exporting to CSV format, so this is a great format for you to choose if you have existing data somewhere already.

Single-file fixtures

This type of fixture was the original format for Active Record that has since been deprecated in favor of the YAML and CSV formats. Fixtures for this format are created by placing text files in a sub-directory (with the name of the model) to the directory appointed by ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path=(path) (this is automatically configured for Rails, so you can just put your files in <your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/<your-model-name>/ – like <your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites/ for the WebSite model).

Each text file placed in this directory represents a “record”. Usually these types of fixtures are named without extensions, but if you are on a Windows machine, you might consider adding .txt as the extension. Here’s what the above example might look like:

web_sites/google
web_sites/yahoo.txt
web_sites/ruby-on-rails

The file format of a standard fixture is simple. Each line is a property (or column in db speak) and has the syntax of “name => value”. Here’s an example of the ruby-on-rails fixture above:

id => 1
name => Ruby on Rails
url => http://www.rubyonrails.org

Using Fixtures

Since fixtures are a testing construct, we use them in our unit and functional tests. There are two ways to use the fixtures, but first let’s take a look at a sample unit test:

require 'web_site'

class WebSiteTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  def test_web_site_count
    assert_equal 2, WebSite.count
  end
end

As it stands, unless we pre-load the web_site table in our database with two records, this test will fail. Here’s the easiest way to add fixtures to the database:

...
class WebSiteTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  fixtures :web_sites # add more by separating the symbols with commas
...

By adding a “fixtures” method to the test case and passing it a list of symbols (only one is shown here though), we trigger the testing environment to automatically load the appropriate fixtures into the database before each test. To ensure consistent data, the environment deletes the fixtures before running the load.

In addition to being available in the database, the fixtures are also loaded into a hash stored in an instance variable of the test case. It is named after the symbol… so, in our example, there would be a hash available called @web_sites. This is where the “fixture name” comes into play.

On top of that, each record is automatically “found” (using Model.find(id)) and placed in the instance variable of its name. So for the YAML fixtures, we’d get @rubyonrails and @google, which could be interrogated using regular Active Record semantics:

# test if the object created from the fixture data has the same attributes as the data itself
def test_find
  assert_equal @web_sites["rubyonrails"]["name"], @rubyonrails.name
end

As seen above, the data hash created from the YAML fixtures would have @web_sites["rubyonrails"]["url"] return “www.rubyonrails.org” and @web_sites["google"]["name"] would return “Google”. The same fixtures, but loaded from a CSV fixture file, would be accessible via @web_sites["web_site_1"]["name"] == "Ruby on Rails" and have the individual fixtures available as instance variables @web_site_1 and @web_site_2.

If you do not wish to use instantiated fixtures (usually for performance reasons) there are two options.

- to completely disable instantiated fixtures:
    self.use_instantiated_fixtures = false

- to keep the fixture instance (@web_sites) available, but do not automatically 'find' each instance:
    self.use_instantiated_fixtures = :no_instances

Even if auto-instantiated fixtures are disabled, you can still access them by name via special dynamic methods. Each method has the same name as the model, and accepts the name of the fixture to instantiate:

fixtures :web_sites

def test_find
  assert_equal "Ruby on Rails", web_sites(:rubyonrails).name
end

Dynamic fixtures with ERb

Some times you don’t care about the content of the fixtures as much as you care about the volume. In these cases, you can mix ERb in with your YAML or CSV fixtures to create a bunch of fixtures for load testing, like:

<% for i in 1..1000 %>
fix_<%= i %>:
  id: <%= i %>
  name: guy_<%= 1 %>
<% end %>

This will create 1000 very simple YAML fixtures.

Using ERb, you can also inject dynamic values into your fixtures with inserts like <%= Date.today.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") %>. This is however a feature to be used with some caution. The point of fixtures are that they’re stable units of predictable sample data. If you feel that you need to inject dynamic values, then perhaps you should reexamine whether your application is properly testable. Hence, dynamic values in fixtures are to be considered a code smell.

Transactional fixtures

TestCases can use begin+rollback to isolate their changes to the database instead of having to delete+insert for every test case. They can also turn off auto-instantiation of fixture data since the feature is costly and often unused.

class FooTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  self.use_transactional_fixtures = true
  self.use_instantiated_fixtures = false

  fixtures :foos

  def test_godzilla
    assert !Foo.find(:all).empty?
    Foo.destroy_all
    assert Foo.find(:all).empty?
  end

  def test_godzilla_aftermath
    assert !Foo.find(:all).empty?
  end
end

If you preload your test database with all fixture data (probably in the Rakefile task) and use transactional fixtures, then you may omit all fixtures declarations in your test cases since all the data’s already there and every case rolls back its changes.

In order to use instantiated fixtures with preloaded data, set self.pre_loaded_fixtures to true. This will provide access to fixture data for every table that has been loaded through fixtures (depending on the value of use_instantiated_fixtures)

When not to use transactional fixtures:

1. You're testing whether a transaction works correctly. Nested transactions don't commit until all parent transactions commit,
   particularly, the fixtures transaction which is begun in setup and rolled back in teardown. Thus, you won't be able to verify
   the results of your transaction until Active Record supports nested transactions or savepoints (in progress).
2. Your database does not support transactions. Every Active Record database supports transactions except MySQL MyISAM.
   Use InnoDB, MaxDB, or NDB instead.

Advanced YAML Fixtures

YAML fixtures that don’t specify an ID get some extra features:

  • Stable, autogenerated ID’s

  • Label references for associations (belongs_to, has_one, has_many)

  • HABTM associations as inline lists

  • Autofilled timestamp columns

  • Fixture label interpolation

  • Support for YAML defaults

Stable, autogenerated ID’s

Here, have a monkey fixture:

george:
  id: 1
  name: George the Monkey

reginald:
  id: 2
  name: Reginald the Pirate

Each of these fixtures has two unique identifiers: one for the database and one for the humans. Why don’t we generate the primary key instead? Hashing each fixture’s label yields a consistent ID:

george: # generated id: 503576764
  name: George the Monkey

reginald: # generated id: 324201669
  name: Reginald the Pirate

Active Record looks at the fixture’s model class, discovers the correct primary key, and generates it right before inserting the fixture into the database.

The generated ID for a given label is constant, so we can discover any fixture’s ID without loading anything, as long as we know the label.

Label references for associations (belongs_to, has_one, has_many)

Specifying foreign keys in fixtures can be very fragile, not to mention difficult to read. Since Active Record can figure out the ID of any fixture from its label, you can specify FK’s by label instead of ID.

belongs_to

Let’s break out some more monkeys and pirates.

### in pirates.yml

reginald:
  id: 1
  name: Reginald the Pirate
  monkey_id: 1

### in monkeys.yml

george:
  id: 1
  name: George the Monkey
  pirate_id: 1

Add a few more monkeys and pirates and break this into multiple files, and it gets pretty hard to keep track of what’s going on. Let’s use labels instead of ID’s:

### in pirates.yml

reginald:
  name: Reginald the Pirate
  monkey: george

### in monkeys.yml

george:
  name: George the Monkey
  pirate: reginald

Pow! All is made clear. Active Record reflects on the fixture’s model class, finds all the belongs_to associations, and allows you to specify a target label for the association (monkey: george) rather than a target id for the FK (monkey_id: 1).

Polymorphic belongs_to

Supporting polymorphic relationships is a little bit more complicated, since Active Record needs to know what type your association is pointing at. Something like this should look familiar:

### in fruit.rb

belongs_to :eater, :polymorphic => true

### in fruits.yml

apple:
  id: 1
  name: apple
  eater_id: 1
  eater_type: Monkey

Can we do better? You bet!

apple:
  eater: george (Monkey)

Just provide the polymorphic target type and Active Record will take care of the rest.

has_and_belongs_to_many

Time to give our monkey some fruit.

### in monkeys.yml

george:
  id: 1
  name: George the Monkey
  pirate_id: 1

### in fruits.yml

apple:
  id: 1
  name: apple

orange:
  id: 2
  name: orange

grape:
  id: 3
  name: grape

### in fruits_monkeys.yml

apple_george:
  fruit_id: 1
  monkey_id: 1

orange_george:
  fruit_id: 2
  monkey_id: 1

grape_george:
  fruit_id: 3
  monkey_id: 1

Let’s make the HABTM fixture go away.

### in monkeys.yml

george:
  name: George the Monkey
  pirate: reginald
  fruits: apple, orange, grape

### in fruits.yml

apple:
  name: apple

orange:
  name: orange

grape:
  name: grape

Zap! No more fruits_monkeys.yml file. We’ve specified the list of fruits on George’s fixture, but we could’ve just as easily specified a list of monkeys on each fruit. As with belongs_to, Active Record reflects on the fixture’s model class and discovers the has_and_belongs_to_many associations.

Autofilled timestamp columns

If your table/model specifies any of Active Record’s standard timestamp columns (created_at, created_on, updated_at, updated_on), they will automatically be set to Time.now.

If you’ve set specific values, they’ll be left alone.

Fixture label interpolation

The label of the current fixture is always available as a column value:

geeksomnia:
  name: Geeksomnia's Account
  subdomain: $LABEL

Also, sometimes (like when porting older join table fixtures) you’ll need to be able to get ahold of the identifier for a given label. ERB to the rescue:

george_reginald:
  monkey_id: <%= Fixtures.identify(:reginald) %>
  pirate_id: <%= Fixtures.identify(:george) %>

Support for YAML defaults

You probably already know how to use YAML to set and reuse defaults in your database.yml file. You can use the same technique in your fixtures:

DEFAULTS: &DEFAULTS
  created_on: <%= 3.weeks.ago.to_s(:db) %>

first:
  name: Smurf
  <<: *DEFAULTS

second:
  name: Fraggle
  <<: *DEFAULTS

Any fixture labeled “DEFAULTS” is safely ignored.

Direct Known Subclasses

HabtmFixtures

Defined Under Namespace

Classes: HabtmFixtures

Constant Summary collapse

DEFAULT_FILTER_RE = 
/\.ya?ml$/
@@all_cached_fixtures = 
{}

Instance Attribute Summary collapse

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Constructor Details

#initialize(connection, table_name, class_name, fixture_path, file_filter = DEFAULT_FILTER_RE) ⇒ Fixtures

Returns a new instance of Fixtures.



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 546

def initialize(connection, table_name, class_name, fixture_path, file_filter = DEFAULT_FILTER_RE)
  @connection, @table_name, @fixture_path, @file_filter = connection, table_name, fixture_path, file_filter
  @name = table_name # preserve fixture base name
  @class_name = class_name ||
                (ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names ? @table_name.singularize.camelize : @table_name.camelize)
  @table_name = "#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix}#{@table_name}#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix}"
  @table_name = class_name.table_name if class_name.respond_to?(:table_name)
  @connection = class_name.connection if class_name.respond_to?(:connection)
  read_fixture_files
end

Instance Attribute Details

#name ⇒ Object (readonly)

Returns the value of attribute name.



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 544

def name
  @name
end

#table_name ⇒ Object (readonly)

Returns the value of attribute table_name.



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 544

def table_name
  @table_name
end

Class Method Details

.cache_fixtures(connection, fixtures_map) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 473

def self.cache_fixtures(connection, fixtures_map)
  cache_for_connection(connection).update(fixtures_map)
end

.cache_for_connection(connection) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 455

def self.cache_for_connection(connection)
  @@all_cached_fixtures[connection.object_id] ||= {}
  @@all_cached_fixtures[connection.object_id]
end

.cached_fixtures(connection, keys_to_fetch = nil) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 464

def self.cached_fixtures(connection, keys_to_fetch = nil)
  if keys_to_fetch
    fixtures = cache_for_connection(connection).values_at(*keys_to_fetch)
  else
    fixtures = cache_for_connection(connection).values
  end
  fixtures.size > 1 ? fixtures : fixtures.first
end

.create_fixtures(fixtures_directory, table_names, class_names = {}) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 501

def self.create_fixtures(fixtures_directory, table_names, class_names = {})
  table_names = [table_names].flatten.map { |n| n.to_s }
  connection  = block_given? ? yield : ActiveRecord::Base.connection

  table_names_to_fetch = table_names.reject { |table_name| fixture_is_cached?(connection, table_name) }

  unless table_names_to_fetch.empty?
    ActiveRecord::Base.silence do
      connection.disable_referential_integrity do
        fixtures_map = {}

        fixtures = table_names_to_fetch.map do |table_name|
          fixtures_map[table_name] = Fixtures.new(connection, File.split(table_name.to_s).last, class_names[table_name.to_sym], File.join(fixtures_directory, table_name.to_s))
        end

        all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)

        connection.transaction(connection.open_transactions.zero?) do
          fixtures.reverse.each { |fixture| fixture.delete_existing_fixtures }
          fixtures.each { |fixture| fixture.insert_fixtures }

          # Cap primary key sequences to max(pk).
          if connection.respond_to?(:reset_pk_sequence!)
            table_names.each do |table_name|
              connection.reset_pk_sequence!(table_name)
            end
          end
        end

        cache_fixtures(connection, fixtures_map)
      end
    end
  end
  cached_fixtures(connection, table_names)
end

.fixture_is_cached?(connection, table_name) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 460

def self.fixture_is_cached?(connection, table_name)
  cache_for_connection(connection)[table_name]
end

.identify(label) ⇒ Object

Returns a consistent identifier for label. This will always be a positive integer, and will always be the same for a given label, assuming the same OS, platform, and version of Ruby.



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 540

def self.identify(label)
  label.to_s.hash.abs
end

.instantiate_all_loaded_fixtures(object, load_instances = true) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 492

def self.instantiate_all_loaded_fixtures(object, load_instances = true)
  all_loaded_fixtures.each do |table_name, fixtures|
    Fixtures.instantiate_fixtures(object, table_name, fixtures, load_instances)
  end
end

.instantiate_fixtures(object, table_name, fixtures, load_instances = true) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 477

def self.instantiate_fixtures(object, table_name, fixtures, load_instances = true)
  object.instance_variable_set "@#{table_name.to_s.gsub('.','_')}", fixtures
  if load_instances
    ActiveRecord::Base.silence do
      fixtures.each do |name, fixture|
        begin
          object.instance_variable_set "@#{name}", fixture.find
        rescue FixtureClassNotFound
          nil
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

.reset_cache(connection = nil) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 450

def self.reset_cache(connection = nil)
  connection ||= ActiveRecord::Base.connection
  @@all_cached_fixtures[connection.object_id] = {}
end

Instance Method Details

#delete_existing_fixtures ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 557

def delete_existing_fixtures
  @connection.delete "DELETE FROM #{@connection.quote_table_name(table_name)}", 'Fixture Delete'
end

#insert_fixtures ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/active_record/fixtures.rb', line 561

def insert_fixtures
  now = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc ? Time.now.utc : Time.now
  now = now.to_s(:db)

  # allow a standard key to be used for doing defaults in YAML
  if is_a?(Hash)
    delete('DEFAULTS')
  else
    delete(assoc('DEFAULTS'))
  end

  # track any join tables we need to insert later
  habtm_fixtures = Hash.new do |h, habtm|
    h[habtm] = HabtmFixtures.new(@connection, habtm.options[:join_table], nil, nil)
  end

  each do |label, fixture|
    row = fixture.to_hash

    if model_class && model_class < ActiveRecord::Base
      # fill in timestamp columns if they aren't specified and the model is set to record_timestamps
      if model_class.record_timestamps
        timestamp_column_names.each do |name|
          row[name] = now unless row.key?(name)
        end
      end

      # interpolate the fixture label
      row.each do |key, value|
        row[key] = label if value == "$LABEL"
      end

      # generate a primary key if necessary
      if has_primary_key_column? && !row.include?(primary_key_name)
        row[primary_key_name] = Fixtures.identify(label)
      end

      # If STI is used, find the correct subclass for association reflection
      reflection_class =
        if row.include?(inheritance_column_name)
          row[inheritance_column_name].constantize rescue model_class
        else
          model_class
        end

      reflection_class.reflect_on_all_associations.each do |association|
        case association.macro
        when :belongs_to
          # Do not replace association name with association foreign key if they are named the same
          fk_name = (association.options[:foreign_key] || "#{association.name}_id").to_s

          if association.name.to_s != fk_name && value = row.delete(association.name.to_s)
            if association.options[:polymorphic]
              if value.sub!(/\s*\(([^\)]*)\)\s*$/, "")
                target_type = $1
                target_type_name = (association.options[:foreign_type] || "#{association.name}_type").to_s

                # support polymorphic belongs_to as "label (Type)"
                row[target_type_name] = target_type
              end
            end

            row[fk_name] = Fixtures.identify(value)
          end
        when :has_and_belongs_to_many
          if (targets = row.delete(association.name.to_s))
            targets = targets.is_a?(Array) ? targets : targets.split(/\s*,\s*/)
            join_fixtures = habtm_fixtures[association]

            targets.each do |target|
              join_fixtures["#{label}_#{target}"] = Fixture.new(
                { association.primary_key_name => row[primary_key_name],
                  association.association_foreign_key => Fixtures.identify(target) }, nil)
            end
          end
        end
      end
    end

    @connection.insert_fixture(fixture, @table_name)
  end

  # insert any HABTM join tables we discovered
  habtm_fixtures.values.each do |fixture|
    fixture.delete_existing_fixtures
    fixture.insert_fixtures
  end
end