Class: ActiveRecord::Relation

Inherits:
Object
  • Object
show all
Includes:
Batches, Calculations, Delegation, Explain, FinderMethods, QueryMethods, SpawnMethods
Defined in:
lib/active_record/relation.rb,
lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb

Overview

Active Record Relation

Defined Under Namespace

Classes: HashMerger, JoinOperation, Merger

Constant Summary collapse

MULTI_VALUE_METHODS = 
[:includes, :eager_load, :preload, :select, :group,
:order, :joins, :where, :having, :bind, :references,
:extending, :unscope]
SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = 
[:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :from, :reordering,
:reverse_order, :distinct, :create_with, :uniq]
VALUE_METHODS = 
MULTI_VALUE_METHODS + SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS

Constants included from FinderMethods

FinderMethods::ONE_AS_ONE

Constants included from QueryMethods

QueryMethods::VALID_UNSCOPING_VALUES

Constants included from Delegation

Delegation::BLACKLISTED_ARRAY_METHODS

Instance Attribute Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Methods included from FinderMethods

#exists?, #fifth, #fifth!, #find, #find_by, #find_by!, #first, #first!, #forty_two, #forty_two!, #fourth, #fourth!, #last, #last!, #raise_record_not_found_exception!, #second, #second!, #take, #take!, #third, #third!

Methods included from Calculations

#average, #calculate, #count, #ids, #maximum, #minimum, #pluck, #sum

Methods included from SpawnMethods

#except, #merge, #merge!, #only, #spawn

Methods included from QueryMethods

#_select!, #arel, #bind, #bind!, #create_with, #create_with!, #create_with_value, #distinct, #distinct!, #eager_load, #eager_load!, #extending, #extending!, #from, #from!, #group, #group!, #having, #having!, #includes, #includes!, #joins, #joins!, #limit, #limit!, #lock, #lock!, #none, #none!, #offset, #offset!, #order, #order!, #preload, #preload!, #readonly, #readonly!, #references, #references!, #reorder, #reorder!, #reverse_order, #reverse_order!, #rewhere, #select, #unscope, #unscope!, #where, #where!

Methods included from Batches

#find_each, #find_in_batches

Methods included from Explain

#collecting_queries_for_explain, #exec_explain

Methods included from Delegation

#respond_to?

Constructor Details

#initialize(klass, table, values = {}) ⇒ Relation

Returns a new instance of Relation.



23
24
25
26
27
28
29
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 23

def initialize(klass, table, values = {})
  @klass  = klass
  @table  = table
  @values = values
  @offsets = {}
  @loaded = false
end

Dynamic Method Handling

This class handles dynamic methods through the method_missing method in the class ActiveRecord::Delegation

Instance Attribute Details

#klass ⇒ Object (readonly) Also known as: model

Returns the value of attribute klass.



19
20
21
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 19

def klass
  @klass
end

#loaded ⇒ Object (readonly) Also known as: loaded?

Returns the value of attribute loaded.



19
20
21
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 19

def loaded
  @loaded
end

#table ⇒ Object (readonly)

Returns the value of attribute table.



19
20
21
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 19

def table
  @table
end

Instance Method Details

#==(other) ⇒ Object

Compares two relations for equality.



570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 570

def ==(other)
  case other
  when Associations::CollectionProxy, AssociationRelation
    self == other.to_a
  when Relation
    other.to_sql == to_sql
  when Array
    to_a == other
  end
end

#_update_record(values, id, id_was) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 73

def _update_record(values, id, id_was) # :nodoc:
  substitutes, binds = substitute_values values
  um = @klass.unscoped.where(@klass.arel_table[@klass.primary_key].eq(id_was || id)).arel.compile_update(substitutes, @klass.primary_key)

  @klass.connection.update(
    um,
    'SQL',
    binds)
end

#any? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if there are any records.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


257
258
259
260
261
262
263
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 257

def any?
  if block_given?
    to_a.any? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
  else
    !empty?
  end
end

#as_json(options = nil) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



235
236
237
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 235

def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
  to_a.as_json(options)
end

#blank? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if relation is blank.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


586
587
588
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 586

def blank?
  to_a.blank?
end

#create(*args, &block) ⇒ Object

Tries to create a new record with the same scoped attributes defined in the relation. Returns the initialized object if validation fails.

Expects arguments in the same format as Base.create.

Examples

users = User.where(name: 'Oscar')
users.create # #<User id: 3, name: "oscar", ...>

users.create(name: 'fxn')
users.create # #<User id: 4, name: "fxn", ...>

users.create { |user| user.name = 'tenderlove' }
# #<User id: 5, name: "tenderlove", ...>

users.create(name: nil) # validation on name
# #<User id: nil, name: nil, ...>



131
132
133
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 131

def create(*args, &block)
  scoping { @klass.create(*args, &block) }
end

#create!(*args, &block) ⇒ Object

Similar to #create, but calls create! on the base class. Raises an exception if a validation error occurs.

Expects arguments in the same format as Base.create!.



139
140
141
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 139

def create!(*args, &block)
  scoping { @klass.create!(*args, &block) }
end

#delete(id_or_array) ⇒ Object

Deletes the row with a primary key matching the id argument, using a SQL DELETE statement, and returns the number of rows deleted. Active Record objects are not instantiated, so the object’s callbacks are not executed, including any :dependent association options.

You can delete multiple rows at once by passing an Array of ids.

Note: Although it is often much faster than the alternative, #destroy, skipping callbacks might bypass business logic in your application that ensures referential integrity or performs other essential jobs.

Examples

# Delete a single row
Todo.delete(1)

# Delete multiple rows
Todo.delete([2,3,4])



475
476
477
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 475

def delete(id_or_array)
  where(primary_key => id_or_array).delete_all
end

#delete_all(conditions = nil) ⇒ Object

Deletes the records matching conditions without instantiating the records first, and hence not calling the destroy method nor invoking callbacks. This is a single SQL DELETE statement that goes straight to the database, much more efficient than destroy_all. Be careful with relations though, in particular :dependent rules defined on associations are not honored. Returns the number of rows affected.

Post.delete_all("person_id = 5 AND (category = 'Something' OR category = 'Else')")
Post.delete_all(["person_id = ? AND (category = ? OR category = ?)", 5, 'Something', 'Else'])
Post.where(person_id: 5).where(category: ['Something', 'Else']).delete_all

Both calls delete the affected posts all at once with a single DELETE statement. If you need to destroy dependent associations or call your before_* or after_destroy callbacks, use the destroy_all method instead.

If a limit scope is supplied, delete_all raises an ActiveRecord error:

Post.limit(100).delete_all
# => ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError: delete_all doesn't support limit scope

Raises:



434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 434

def delete_all(conditions = nil)
  raise ActiveRecordError.new("delete_all doesn't support limit scope") if self.limit_value

  if conditions
    where(conditions).delete_all
  else
    stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new(arel.engine)
    stmt.from(table)

    if joins_values.any?
      @klass.connection.join_to_delete(stmt, arel, table[primary_key])
    else
      stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
    end

    affected = @klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', bind_values)

    reset
    affected
  end
end

#destroy(id) ⇒ Object

Destroy an object (or multiple objects) that has the given id. The object is instantiated first, therefore all callbacks and filters are fired off before the object is deleted. This method is less efficient than ActiveRecord#delete but allows cleanup methods and other actions to be run.

This essentially finds the object (or multiple objects) with the given id, creates a new object from the attributes, and then calls destroy on it.

Parameters

  • id - Can be either an Integer or an Array of Integers.

Examples

# Destroy a single object
Todo.destroy(1)

# Destroy multiple objects
todos = [1,2,3]
Todo.destroy(todos)



407
408
409
410
411
412
413
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 407

def destroy(id)
  if id.is_a?(Array)
    id.map { |one_id| destroy(one_id) }
  else
    find(id).destroy
  end
end

#destroy_all(conditions = nil) ⇒ Object

Destroys the records matching conditions by instantiating each record and calling its destroy method. Each object’s callbacks are executed (including :dependent association options). Returns the collection of objects that were destroyed; each will be frozen, to reflect that no changes should be made (since they can’t be persisted).

Note: Instantiation, callback execution, and deletion of each record can be time consuming when you’re removing many records at once. It generates at least one SQL DELETE query per record (or possibly more, to enforce your callbacks). If you want to delete many rows quickly, without concern for their associations or callbacks, use delete_all instead.

Parameters

  • conditions - A string, array, or hash that specifies which records to destroy. If omitted, all records are destroyed. See the Conditions section in the introduction to ActiveRecord::Base for more information.

Examples

Person.destroy_all("last_login < '2004-04-04'")
Person.destroy_all(status: "inactive")
Person.where(age: 0..18).destroy_all



380
381
382
383
384
385
386
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 380

def destroy_all(conditions = nil)
  if conditions
    where(conditions).destroy_all
  else
    to_a.each {|object| object.destroy }.tap { reset }
  end
end

#eager_loading? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if relation needs eager loading.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


549
550
551
552
553
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 549

def eager_loading?
  @should_eager_load ||=
    eager_load_values.any? ||
    includes_values.any? && (joined_includes_values.any? || references_eager_loaded_tables?)
end

#empty? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if there are no records.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 245

def empty?
  return @records.empty? if loaded?

  if limit_value == 0
    true
  else
    c = count(:all)
    c.respond_to?(:zero?) ? c.zero? : c.empty?
  end
end

#explain ⇒ Object

Runs EXPLAIN on the query or queries triggered by this relation and returns the result as a string. The string is formatted imitating the ones printed by the database shell.

Note that this method actually runs the queries, since the results of some are needed by the next ones when eager loading is going on.

Please see further details in the Active Record Query Interface guide.



225
226
227
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 225

def explain
  exec_explain(collecting_queries_for_explain { exec_queries })
end

#find_or_create_by(attributes, &block) ⇒ Object

Finds the first record with the given attributes, or creates a record with the attributes if one is not found:

# Find the first user named "Penélope" or create a new one.
User.find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Penélope')
# => #<User id: 1, first_name: "Penélope", last_name: nil>

# Find the first user named "Penélope" or create a new one.
# We already have one so the existing record will be returned.
User.find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Penélope')
# => #<User id: 1, first_name: "Penélope", last_name: nil>

# Find the first user named "Scarlett" or create a new one with
# a particular last name.
User.create_with(last_name: 'Johansson').find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Scarlett')
# => #<User id: 2, first_name: "Scarlett", last_name: "Johansson">

This method accepts a block, which is passed down to create. The last example above can be alternatively written this way:

# Find the first user named "Scarlett" or create a new one with a
# different last name.
User.find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Scarlett') do |user|
  user.last_name = 'Johansson'
end
# => #<User id: 2, first_name: "Scarlett", last_name: "Johansson">

This method always returns a record, but if creation was attempted and failed due to validation errors it won’t be persisted, you get what create returns in such situation.

Please note *this method is not atomic*, it runs first a SELECT, and if there are no results an INSERT is attempted. If there are other threads or processes there is a race condition between both calls and it could be the case that you end up with two similar records.

Whether that is a problem or not depends on the logic of the application, but in the particular case in which rows have a UNIQUE constraint an exception may be raised, just retry:

begin
  CreditAccount.find_or_create_by(user_id: user.id)
rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
  retry
end



201
202
203
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 201

def find_or_create_by(attributes, &block)
  find_by(attributes) || create(attributes, &block)
end

#find_or_create_by!(attributes, &block) ⇒ Object

Like find_or_create_by, but calls create! so an exception is raised if the created record is invalid.



207
208
209
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 207

def find_or_create_by!(attributes, &block)
  find_by(attributes) || create!(attributes, &block)
end

#find_or_initialize_by(attributes, &block) ⇒ Object

Like find_or_create_by, but calls new instead of create.



212
213
214
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 212

def find_or_initialize_by(attributes, &block)
  find_by(attributes) || new(attributes, &block)
end

#first_or_create(attributes = nil, &block) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



143
144
145
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 143

def first_or_create(attributes = nil, &block) # :nodoc:
  first || create(attributes, &block)
end

#first_or_create!(attributes = nil, &block) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



147
148
149
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 147

def first_or_create!(attributes = nil, &block) # :nodoc:
  first || create!(attributes, &block)
end

#first_or_initialize(attributes = nil, &block) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



151
152
153
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 151

def first_or_initialize(attributes = nil, &block) # :nodoc:
  first || new(attributes, &block)
end

#initialize_copy(other) ⇒ Object 



31
32
33
34
35
36
37
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 31

def initialize_copy(other)
  # This method is a hot spot, so for now, use Hash[] to dup the hash.
  #   https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/7166
  @values        = Hash[@values]
  @values[:bind] = @values[:bind].dup if @values.key? :bind
  reset
end

#insert(values) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 39

def insert(values) # :nodoc:
  primary_key_value = nil

  if primary_key && Hash === values
    primary_key_value = values[values.keys.find { |k|
      k.name == primary_key
    }]

    if !primary_key_value && connection.prefetch_primary_key?(klass.table_name)
      primary_key_value = connection.next_sequence_value(klass.sequence_name)
      values[klass.arel_table[klass.primary_key]] = primary_key_value
    end
  end

  im = arel.create_insert
  im.into @table

  substitutes, binds = substitute_values values

  if values.empty? # empty insert
    im.values = Arel.sql(connection.empty_insert_statement_value)
  else
    im.insert substitutes
  end

  @klass.connection.insert(
    im,
    'SQL',
    primary_key,
    primary_key_value,
    nil,
    binds)
end

#inspect ⇒ Object 



594
595
596
597
598
599
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 594

def inspect
  entries = to_a.take([limit_value, 11].compact.min).map!(&:inspect)
  entries[10] = '...' if entries.size == 11

  "#<#{self.class.name} [#{entries.join(', ')}]>"
end

#joined_includes_values ⇒ Object

Joins that are also marked for preloading. In which case we should just eager load them. Note that this is a naive implementation because we could have strings and symbols which represent the same association, but that aren’t matched by this. Also, we could have nested hashes which partially match, e.g. { a: :b } & { a: [:b, :c] }



559
560
561
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 559

def joined_includes_values
  includes_values & joins_values
end

#load ⇒ Object

Causes the records to be loaded from the database if they have not been loaded already. You can use this if for some reason you need to explicitly load some records before actually using them. The return value is the relation itself, not the records.

Post.where(published: true).load # => #<ActiveRecord::Relation>



485
486
487
488
489
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 485

def load
  exec_queries unless loaded?

  self
end

#many? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if there is more than one record.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


266
267
268
269
270
271
272
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 266

def many?
  if block_given?
    to_a.many? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
  else
    limit_value ? to_a.many? : size > 1
  end
end

#new(*args, &block) ⇒ Object Also known as: build

Initializes new record from relation while maintaining the current scope.

Expects arguments in the same format as Base.new.

users = User.where(name: 'DHH')
user = users.new # => #<User id: nil, name: "DHH", created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>

You can also pass a block to new with the new record as argument:

user = users.new { |user| user.name = 'Oscar' }
user.name # => Oscar



108
109
110
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 108

def new(*args, &block)
  scoping { @klass.new(*args, &block) }
end

#pretty_print(q) ⇒ Object 



581
582
583
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 581

def pretty_print(q)
  q.pp(self.to_a)
end

#reload ⇒ Object

Forces reloading of relation.



492
493
494
495
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 492

def reload
  reset
  load
end

#reset ⇒ Object 



497
498
499
500
501
502
503
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 497

def reset
  @last = @to_sql = @order_clause = @scope_for_create = @arel = @loaded = nil
  @should_eager_load = @join_dependency = nil
  @records = []
  @offsets = {}
  self
end

#scope_for_create ⇒ Object 



544
545
546
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 544

def scope_for_create
  @scope_for_create ||= where_values_hash.merge(create_with_value)
end

#scoping ⇒ Object

Scope all queries to the current scope.

Comment.where(post_id: 1).scoping do
  Comment.first
end
# => SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."post_id" = 1 ORDER BY "comments"."id" ASC LIMIT 1

Please check unscoped if you want to remove all previous scopes (including the default_scope) during the execution of a block.



283
284
285
286
287
288
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 283

def scoping
  previous, klass.current_scope = klass.current_scope, self
  yield
ensure
  klass.current_scope = previous
end

#size ⇒ Object

Returns size of the records.



240
241
242
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 240

def size
  loaded? ? @records.length : count(:all)
end

#substitute_values(values) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 83

def substitute_values(values) # :nodoc:
  substitutes = values.sort_by { |arel_attr,_| arel_attr.name }
  binds       = substitutes.map do |arel_attr, value|
    [@klass.columns_hash[arel_attr.name], value]
  end

  substitutes.each_with_index do |tuple, i|
    tuple[1] = @klass.connection.substitute_at(binds[i][0], i)
  end

  [substitutes, binds]
end

#to_a ⇒ Object

Converts relation objects to Array.



230
231
232
233
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 230

def to_a
  load
  @records
end

#to_sql ⇒ Object

Returns sql statement for the relation.

User.where(name: 'Oscar').to_sql
# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users"  WHERE "users"."name" = 'Oscar'



509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 509

def to_sql
  @to_sql ||= begin
                relation   = self
                connection = klass.connection
                visitor    = connection.visitor

                if eager_loading?
                  find_with_associations { |rel| relation = rel }
                end

                ast   = relation.arel.ast
                binds = relation.bind_values.dup
                visitor.accept(ast) do
                  connection.quote(*binds.shift.reverse)
                end
              end
end

#uniq_value ⇒ Object

uniq and uniq! are silently deprecated. uniq_value delegates to distinct_value to maintain backwards compatibility. Use distinct_value instead.



565
566
567
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 565

def uniq_value
  distinct_value
end

#update(id, attributes) ⇒ Object

Updates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass. The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not.

Parameters

  • id - This should be the id or an array of ids to be updated.

  • attributes - This should be a hash of attributes or an array of hashes.

Examples

# Updates one record
Person.update(15, user_name: 'Samuel', group: 'expert')

# Updates multiple records
people = { 1 => { "first_name" => "David" }, 2 => { "first_name" => "Jeremy" } }
Person.update(people.keys, people.values)



345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 345

def update(id, attributes)
  if id.is_a?(Array)
    id.map.with_index { |one_id, idx| update(one_id, attributes[idx]) }
  else
    object = find(id)
    object.update(attributes)
    object
  end
end

#update_all(updates) ⇒ Object

Updates all records with details given if they match a set of conditions supplied, limits and order can also be supplied. This method constructs a single SQL UPDATE statement and sends it straight to the database. It does not instantiate the involved models and it does not trigger Active Record callbacks or validations.

Parameters

  • updates - A string, array, or hash representing the SET part of an SQL statement.

Examples

# Update all customers with the given attributes
Customer.update_all wants_email: true

# Update all books with 'Rails' in their title
Book.where('title LIKE ?', '%Rails%').update_all(author: 'David')

# Update all books that match conditions, but limit it to 5 ordered by date
Book.where('title LIKE ?', '%Rails%').order(:created_at).limit(5).update_all(author: 'David')

Raises:

  • (ArgumentError) 


309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 309

def update_all(updates)
  raise ArgumentError, "Empty list of attributes to change" if updates.blank?

  stmt = Arel::UpdateManager.new(arel.engine)

  stmt.set Arel.sql(@klass.send(:sanitize_sql_for_assignment, updates))
  stmt.table(table)
  stmt.key = table[primary_key]

  if joins_values.any?
    @klass.connection.join_to_update(stmt, arel)
  else
    stmt.take(arel.limit)
    stmt.order(*arel.orders)
    stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
  end

  @klass.connection.update stmt, 'SQL', bind_values
end

#values ⇒ Object 



590
591
592
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 590

def values
  Hash[@values]
end

#where_values_hash(relation_table_name = table_name) ⇒ Object

Returns a hash of where conditions.

User.where(name: 'Oscar').where_values_hash
# => {name: "Oscar"}



531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation.rb', line 531

def where_values_hash(relation_table_name = table_name)
  equalities = where_values.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality).find_all { |node|
    node.left.relation.name == relation_table_name
  }

  binds = Hash[bind_values.find_all(&:first).map { |column, v| [column.name, v] }]

  Hash[equalities.map { |where|
    name = where.left.name
    [name, binds.fetch(name.to_s) { where.right }]
  }]
end