Module: ActiveRecord::FinderMethods

Included in:
Relation
Defined in:
lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb

Constant Summary collapse

ONE_AS_ONE = 
"1 AS one"

Instance Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Details

#exists?(conditions = :none) ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if a record exists in the table that matches the id or conditions given, or false otherwise. The argument can take six forms:

  • Integer - Finds the record with this primary key.

  • String - Finds the record with a primary key corresponding to this string (such as '5').

  • Array - Finds the record that matches these where-style conditions (such as ['name LIKE ?', "%#{query}%"]).

  • Hash - Finds the record that matches these where-style conditions (such as {name: 'David'}).

  • false - Returns always false.

  • No args - Returns false if the relation is empty, true otherwise.

For more information about specifying conditions as a hash or array, see the Conditions section in the introduction to ActiveRecord::Base.

Note: You can’t pass in a condition as a string (like name = 'Jamie'), since it would be sanitized and then queried against the primary key column, like id = 'name = \'Jamie\''.

Person.exists?(5)
Person.exists?('5')
Person.exists?(['name LIKE ?', "%#{query}%"])
Person.exists?(id: [1, 4, 8])
Person.exists?(name: 'David')
Person.exists?(false)
Person.exists?
Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).exists?

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 326

def exists?(conditions = :none)
  if Base === conditions
    raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG.squish
      You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `exists?`.
      Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`.
    MSG
  end

  return false if !conditions || limit_value == 0

  if eager_loading?
    relation = apply_join_dependency(eager_loading: false)
    return relation.exists?(conditions)
  end

  relation = construct_relation_for_exists(conditions)
  return false if relation.where_clause.contradiction?

  skip_query_cache_if_necessary { connection.select_rows(relation.arel, "#{name} Exists?").size == 1 }
end

#fifth ⇒ Object

Find the fifth record. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.fifth # returns the fifth object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).fifth # returns the fifth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 7)
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fifth



240
241
242
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 240

def fifth
  find_nth 4
end

#fifth! ⇒ Object

Same as #fifth but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record is found.



246
247
248
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 246

def fifth!
  fifth || raise_record_not_found_exception!
end

#find(*args) ⇒ Object

Find by id - This can either be a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6), or an array of ids ([5, 6, 10]). If one or more records cannot be found for the requested ids, then ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound will be raised. If the primary key is an integer, find by id coerces its arguments by using to_i.

Person.find(1)          # returns the object for ID = 1
Person.find("1")        # returns the object for ID = 1
Person.find("31-sarah") # returns the object for ID = 31
Person.find(1, 2, 6)    # returns an array for objects with IDs in (1, 2, 6)
Person.find([7, 17])    # returns an array for objects with IDs in (7, 17)
Person.find([1])        # returns an array for the object with ID = 1
Person.where("administrator = 1").order("created_on DESC").find(1)

NOTE: The returned records are in the same order as the ids you provide. If you want the results to be sorted by database, you can use ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#where method and provide an explicit ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#order option. But ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#where method doesn’t raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound.

Find with lock

Example for find with a lock: Imagine two concurrent transactions: each will read person.visits == 2, add 1 to it, and save, resulting in two saves of person.visits = 3. By locking the row, the second transaction has to wait until the first is finished; we get the expected person.visits == 4.

Person.transaction do
  person = Person.lock(true).find(1)
  person.visits += 1
  person.save!
end

Variations of #find

Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
# returns a chainable list (which can be empty).

Person.find_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
# returns the first item or nil.

Person.find_or_initialize_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
# returns the first item or returns a new instance (requires you call .save to persist against the database).

Person.find_or_create_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
# returns the first item or creates it and returns it.

Alternatives for #find

Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).exists?(conditions = :none)
# returns a boolean indicating if any record with the given conditions exist.

Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).select("field1, field2, field3")
# returns a chainable list of instances with only the mentioned fields.

Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).ids
# returns an Array of ids.

Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).pluck(:field1, :field2)
# returns an Array of the required fields.



67
68
69
70
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 67

def find(*args)
  return super if block_given?
  find_with_ids(*args)
end

#find_by(arg, *args) ⇒ Object

Finds the first record matching the specified conditions. There is no implied ordering so if order matters, you should specify it yourself.

If no record is found, returns nil.

Post.find_by name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4
Post.find_by "published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago



80
81
82
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 80

def find_by(arg, *args)
  where(arg, *args).take
end

#find_by!(arg, *args) ⇒ Object

Like #find_by, except that if no record is found, raises an ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound error.



86
87
88
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 86

def find_by!(arg, *args)
  where(arg, *args).take!
end

#find_sole_by(arg, *args) ⇒ Object

Finds the sole matching record. Raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record is found. Raises ActiveRecord::SoleRecordExceeded if more than one record is found.

Product.find_sole_by(["price = %?", price])



129
130
131
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 129

def find_sole_by(arg, *args)
  where(arg, *args).sole
end

#first(limit = nil) ⇒ Object

Find the first record (or first N records if a parameter is supplied). If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.first # returns the first object fetched by SELECT * FROM people ORDER BY people.id LIMIT 1
Person.where(["user_name = ?", user_name]).first
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).first
Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).first
Person.first(3) # returns the first three objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people ORDER BY people.id LIMIT 3



142
143
144
145
146
147
148
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 142

def first(limit = nil)
  if limit
    find_nth_with_limit(0, limit)
  else
    find_nth 0
  end
end

#first! ⇒ Object

Same as #first but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record is found. Note that #first! accepts no arguments.



152
153
154
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 152

def first!
  first || raise_record_not_found_exception!
end

#forty_two ⇒ Object

Find the forty-second record. Also known as accessing “the reddit”. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.forty_two # returns the forty-second object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).forty_two # returns the forty-second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 44)
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).forty_two



256
257
258
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 256

def forty_two
  find_nth 41
end

#forty_two! ⇒ Object

Same as #forty_two but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record is found.



262
263
264
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 262

def forty_two!
  forty_two || raise_record_not_found_exception!
end

#fourth ⇒ Object

Find the fourth record. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.fourth # returns the fourth object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).fourth # returns the fourth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 6)
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fourth



224
225
226
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 224

def fourth
  find_nth 3
end

#fourth! ⇒ Object

Same as #fourth but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record is found.



230
231
232
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 230

def fourth!
  fourth || raise_record_not_found_exception!
end

#include?(record) ⇒ Boolean Also known as: member?

Returns true if the relation contains the given record or false otherwise.

No query is performed if the relation is loaded; the given record is compared to the records in memory. If the relation is unloaded, an efficient existence query is performed, as in #exists?.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


352
353
354
355
356
357
358
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 352

def include?(record)
  if loaded? || offset_value || limit_value || having_clause.any?
    records.include?(record)
  else
    record.is_a?(klass) && exists?(record.id)
  end
end

#last(limit = nil) ⇒ Object

Find the last record (or last N records if a parameter is supplied). If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.last # returns the last object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.where(["user_name = ?", user_name]).last
Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).last
Person.last(3) # returns the last three objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people.

Take note that in that last case, the results are sorted in ascending order:

[#<Person id:2>, #<Person id:3>, #<Person id:4>]

and not:

[#<Person id:4>, #<Person id:3>, #<Person id:2>]



171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 171

def last(limit = nil)
  return find_last(limit) if loaded? || has_limit_or_offset?

  result = ordered_relation.limit(limit)
  result = result.reverse_order!

  limit ? result.reverse : result.first
end

#last! ⇒ Object

Same as #last but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record is found. Note that #last! accepts no arguments.



182
183
184
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 182

def last!
  last || raise_record_not_found_exception!
end

#raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids = nil, result_size = nil, expected_size = nil, key = primary_key, not_found_ids = nil) ⇒ Object

This method is called whenever no records are found with either a single id or multiple ids and raises an ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound exception.

The error message is different depending on whether a single id or multiple ids are provided. If multiple ids are provided, then the number of results obtained should be provided in the result_size argument and the expected number of results should be provided in the expected_size argument.



370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 370

def raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids = nil, result_size = nil, expected_size = nil, key = primary_key, not_found_ids = nil) # :nodoc:
  conditions = " [#{arel.where_sql(klass)}]" unless where_clause.empty?

  name = @klass.name

  if ids.nil?
    error = +"Couldn't find #{name}"
    error << " with#{conditions}" if conditions
    raise RecordNotFound.new(error, name, key)
  elsif Array.wrap(ids).size == 1
    error = "Couldn't find #{name} with '#{key}'=#{ids}#{conditions}"
    raise RecordNotFound.new(error, name, key, ids)
  else
    error = +"Couldn't find all #{name.pluralize} with '#{key}': "
    error << "(#{ids.join(", ")})#{conditions} (found #{result_size} results, but was looking for #{expected_size})."
    error << " Couldn't find #{name.pluralize(not_found_ids.size)} with #{key.to_s.pluralize(not_found_ids.size)} #{not_found_ids.join(', ')}." if not_found_ids
    raise RecordNotFound.new(error, name, key, ids)
  end
end

#second ⇒ Object

Find the second record. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.second # returns the second object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).second # returns the second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 4)
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).second



192
193
194
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 192

def second
  find_nth 1
end

#second! ⇒ Object

Same as #second but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record is found.



198
199
200
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 198

def second!
  second || raise_record_not_found_exception!
end

#second_to_last ⇒ Object

Find the second-to-last record. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.second_to_last # returns the second-to-last object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).second_to_last # returns the second-to-last object from OFFSET 3
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).second_to_last



288
289
290
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 288

def second_to_last
  find_nth_from_last 2
end

#second_to_last! ⇒ Object

Same as #second_to_last but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record is found.



294
295
296
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 294

def second_to_last!
  second_to_last || raise_record_not_found_exception!
end

#sole ⇒ Object

Finds the sole matching record. Raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record is found. Raises ActiveRecord::SoleRecordExceeded if more than one record is found.

Product.where(["price = %?", price]).sole



112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 112

def sole
  found, undesired = first(2)

  if found.nil?
    raise_record_not_found_exception!
  elsif undesired.present?
    raise ActiveRecord::SoleRecordExceeded.new(self)
  else
    found
  end
end

#take(limit = nil) ⇒ Object

Gives a record (or N records if a parameter is supplied) without any implied order. The order will depend on the database implementation. If an order is supplied it will be respected.

Person.take # returns an object fetched by SELECT * FROM people LIMIT 1
Person.take(5) # returns 5 objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people LIMIT 5
Person.where(["name LIKE '%?'", name]).take



97
98
99
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 97

def take(limit = nil)
  limit ? find_take_with_limit(limit) : find_take
end

#take! ⇒ Object

Same as #take but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record is found. Note that #take! accepts no arguments.



103
104
105
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 103

def take!
  take || raise_record_not_found_exception!
end

#third ⇒ Object

Find the third record. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.third # returns the third object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).third # returns the third object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 5)
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).third



208
209
210
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 208

def third
  find_nth 2
end

#third! ⇒ Object

Same as #third but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record is found.



214
215
216
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 214

def third!
  third || raise_record_not_found_exception!
end

#third_to_last ⇒ Object

Find the third-to-last record. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.third_to_last # returns the third-to-last object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).third_to_last # returns the third-to-last object from OFFSET 3
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).third_to_last



272
273
274
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 272

def third_to_last
  find_nth_from_last 3
end

#third_to_last! ⇒ Object

Same as #third_to_last but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record is found.



278
279
280
 
# File 'lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb', line 278

def third_to_last!
  third_to_last || raise_record_not_found_exception!
end