Class: IPAddress::IPv4

Inherits:
Object
  • Object
show all
Includes:
Comparable, Enumerable, IPAddress
Defined in:
lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb

Overview

Name

IPAddress::IPv4 - IP version 4 address manipulation library

Synopsis

require 'ipaddress'

Description

Class IPAddress::IPv4 is used to handle IPv4 type addresses.

Constant Summary collapse

CLASSFUL =

This Hash contains the prefix values for Classful networks

Note that classes C, D and E will all have a default prefix of /24 or 255.255.255.0

{
  /^0../ => 8,  # Class A, from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
  /^10./ => 16, # Class B, from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
  /^110/ => 24  # Class C, D and E, from 192.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254
}
REGEXP =

Regular expression to match an IPv4 address

Regexp.new(/((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]\d|\d)\.){3}(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]\d|\d)/)

Constants included from IPAddress

AUTHORS, GEM, NAME

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Methods included from IPAddress

deprecate, parse, valid?, valid_ipv4?, valid_ipv4_netmask?, valid_ipv6?

Constructor Details

#initialize(str) ⇒ IPv4

Creates a new IPv4 address object.

An IPv4 address can be expressed in any of the following forms:

  • “10.1.1.1/24”: ip address and prefix. This is the common and

suggested way to create an object .

  • “10.1.1.1/255.255.255.0”: ip address and netmask. Although

convenient sometimes, this format is less clear than the previous one.

  • “10.1.1.1”: if the address alone is specified, the prefix will be

set as default 32, also known as the host prefix

Examples:

# These two are the same
ip = IPAddress::IPv4.new("10.0.0.1/24")
ip = IPAddress("10.0.0.1/24")

# These two are the same
IPAddress::IPv4.new "10.0.0.1/8"
IPAddress::IPv4.new "10.0.0.1/255.0.0.0"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 63

def initialize(str)
  ip, netmask = str.split("/")
  
  # Check the ip and remove white space
  if IPAddress.valid_ipv4?(ip)
    @address = ip.strip
  else
    raise ArgumentError, "Invalid IP #{ip.inspect}"
  end
  
  # Check the netmask
  if netmask  # netmask is defined
    netmask.strip!
    if netmask =~ /^\d{1,2}$/  # netmask in cidr format 
      @prefix = Prefix32.new(netmask.to_i)
    elsif IPAddress.valid_ipv4_netmask?(netmask)  # netmask in IP format
      @prefix = Prefix32.parse_netmask(netmask)
    else  # invalid netmask
      raise ArgumentError, "Invalid netmask #{netmask}"
    end
  else  # netmask is nil, reverting to defaul classful mask
    @prefix = Prefix32.new(32)
  end

  # Array formed with the IP octets
  @octets = @address.split(".").map{|i| i.to_i}
  # 32 bits interger containing the address
  @u32 = (@octets[0]<< 24) + (@octets[1]<< 16) + (@octets[2]<< 8) + (@octets[3])
  
end

Class Method Details

.extract(str) ⇒ Object

Extract an IPv4 address from a string and returns a new object

Example:

str = "foobar172.16.10.1barbaz"
ip = IPAddress::IPv4::extract str

ip.to_s
  #=> "172.16.10.1"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 793

def self.extract(str)
  self.new REGEXP.match(str).to_s
end

.parse_classful(ip) ⇒ Object

Creates a new IPv4 address object by parsing the address in a classful way.

Classful addresses have a fixed netmask based on the class they belong to:

  • Class A, from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

  • Class B, from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

  • Class C, D and E, from 192.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254

Note that classes C, D and E will all have a default prefix of /24 or 255.255.255.0

Example:

ip = IPAddress::IPv4.parse_classful "10.0.0.1"

ip.netmask 
  #=> "255.0.0.0"
ip.a?
  #=> true



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 904

def self.parse_classful(ip)
  if IPAddress.valid_ipv4?(ip)
    address = ip.strip
  else
    raise ArgumentError, "Invalid IP #{ip.inspect}"
  end
  prefix = CLASSFUL.find{|h,k| h === ("%.8b" % address.to_i)}.last
  self.new "#{address}/#{prefix}"
end

.parse_data(str, prefix = 32) ⇒ Object

Creates a new IPv4 object from binary data, like the one you get from a network stream.

For example, on a network stream the IP 172.16.0.1 is represented with the binary “\254\020\n\001”.

ip = IPAddress::IPv4::parse_data "\254\020\n\001"
ip.prefix = 24

ip.to_string
  #=> "172.16.10.1/24"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 777

def self.parse_data(str, prefix=32)
  self.new(str.unpack("C4").join(".")+"/#{prefix}")
end

.parse_u32(u32, prefix = 32) ⇒ Object

Creates a new IPv4 object from an unsigned 32bits integer.

ip = IPAddress::IPv4::parse_u32(167772160)

ip.prefix = 8
ip.to_string
  #=> "10.0.0.0/8"

The prefix parameter is optional:

ip = IPAddress::IPv4::parse_u32(167772160, 8)

ip.to_string
  #=> "10.0.0.0/8"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 760

def self.parse_u32(u32, prefix=32)
  self.new([u32].pack("N").unpack("C4").join(".")+"/#{prefix}")
end

.summarize(*args) ⇒ Object

Summarization (or aggregation) is the process when two or more networks are taken together to check if a supernet, including all and only these networks, exists. If it exists then this supernet is called the summarized (or aggregated) network.

It is very important to understand that summarization can only occur if there are no holes in the aggregated network, or, in other words, if the given networks fill completely the address space of the supernet. So the two rules are:

1) The aggregate network must contain all the IP addresses of the

original networks;

2) The aggregate network must contain only the IP addresses of the

original networks;

A few examples will help clarify the above. Let’s consider for instance the following two networks:

ip1 = IPAddress("172.16.10.0/24")
ip2 = IPAddress("172.16.11.0/24")

These two networks can be expressed using only one IP address network if we change the prefix. Let Ruby do the work:

IPAddress::IPv4::summarize(ip1,ip2).to_s
  #=> "172.16.10.0/23"

We note how the network “172.16.10.0/23” includes all the addresses specified in the above networks, and (more important) includes ONLY those addresses.

If we summarized ip1 and ip2 with the following network:

"172.16.0.0/16"

we would have satisfied rule #1 above, but not rule #2. So “172.16.0.0/16” is not an aggregate network for ip1 and ip2.

If it’s not possible to compute a single aggregated network for all the original networks, the method returns an array with all the aggregate networks found. For example, the following four networks can be aggregated in a single /22:

ip1 = IPAddress("10.0.0.1/24")
ip2 = IPAddress("10.0.1.1/24")
ip3 = IPAddress("10.0.2.1/24")
ip4 = IPAddress("10.0.3.1/24")

IPAddress::IPv4::summarize(ip1,ip2,ip3,ip4).to_string
  #=> "10.0.0.0/22",

But the following networks can’t be summarized in a single network:

ip1 = IPAddress("10.0.1.1/24")
ip2 = IPAddress("10.0.2.1/24")
ip3 = IPAddress("10.0.3.1/24")
ip4 = IPAddress("10.0.4.1/24")

IPAddress::IPv4::summarize(ip1,ip2,ip3,ip4).map{|i| i.to_string}
  #=> ["10.0.1.0/24","10.0.2.0/23","10.0.4.0/24"]



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 859

def self.summarize(*args)
  # one network? no need to summarize
  return [args.first.network] if args.size == 1
  
  i = 0
  result = args.dup.sort.map{|ip| ip.network}
  while i < result.size-1
    sum = result[i] + result[i+1]
    result[i..i+1] = sum.first if sum.size == 1
    i += 1
  end
  
  result.flatten!
  if result.size == args.size
    # nothing more to summarize
    return result
  else
    # keep on summarizing
    return self.summarize(*result)
  end
end

Instance Method Details

#+(oth) ⇒ Object

Returns a new IPv4 object which is the result of the summarization, if possible, of the two objects

Example:

ip1 = IPAddress("172.16.10.1/24")
ip2 = IPAddress("172.16.11.2/24")

p (ip1 + ip2).map {|i| i.to_string}
  #=> ["172.16.10.0/23"]

If the networks are not contiguous, returns the two network numbers from the objects

ip1 = IPAddress("10.0.0.1/24")
ip2 = IPAddress("10.0.2.1/24")

p (ip1 + ip2).map {|i| i.to_string}
  #=> ["10.0.0.0/24","10.0.2.0/24"]



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 676

def +(oth)
  aggregate(*[self,oth].sort.map{|i| i.network})
end

#-(oth) ⇒ Object

Returns the difference between two IP addresses in unsigned int 32 bits format

Example:

ip1 = IPAddress("172.16.10.0/24")
ip2 = IPAddress("172.16.11.0/24")

puts ip1 - ip2
  #=> 256



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 650

def -(oth)
  return (to_u32 - oth.to_u32).abs
end

#<=>(oth) ⇒ Object

Spaceship operator to compare IP addresses

An IP address is considered to be minor if it has a greater prefix (thus smaller hosts portion) and a smaller u32 value.

For example, “10.100.100.1/8” is smaller than “172.16.0.1/16”, but it’s bigger than “10.100.100.1/16”.

Example:

ip1 = IPAddress "10.100.100.1/8"
ip2 = IPAddress "172.16.0.1/16"
ip3 = IPAddress "10.100.100.1/16"

ip1 < ip2
  #=> true
ip1 < ip3
  #=> false



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 449

def <=>(oth)
  if to_u32 > oth.to_u32
    return 1
  elsif to_u32 < oth.to_u32
    return -1
  else
    if prefix < oth.prefix
      return 1
    elsif prefix > oth.prefix
      return -1
    end
  end
  return 0
end

#[](index) ⇒ Object Also known as: octet

Returns the octet specified by index

ip = IPAddress("172.16.100.50/24")

ip[0]
  #=> 172
ip[1]
  #=> 16
ip[2]
  #=> 100
ip[3]
  #=> 50



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 270

def [](index)
  @octets[index]
end

#a? ⇒ Boolean

Checks whether the ip address belongs to a RFC 791 CLASS A network, no matter what the subnet mask is.

Example:

ip = IPAddress("10.0.0.1/24")

ip.a?
  #=> true

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 692

def a?
  CLASSFUL.key(8) === bits
end

#address ⇒ Object

Returns the address portion of the IPv4 object as a string.

ip = IPAddress("172.16.100.4/22")

ip.address
  #=> "172.16.100.4"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 103

def address
  @address
end

#b? ⇒ Boolean

Checks whether the ip address belongs to a RFC 791 CLASS B network, no matter what the subnet mask is.

Example:

ip = IPAddress("172.16.10.1/24")

ip.b?
  #=> true

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 708

def b?
  CLASSFUL.key(16) === bits
end

#bits ⇒ Object

Returns the address portion of an IP in binary format, as a string containing a sequence of 0 and 1

ip = IPAddress("127.0.0.1")

ip.bits
  #=> "01111111000000000000000000000001"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 284

def bits
  data.unpack("B*").first
end

#broadcast ⇒ Object

Returns the broadcast address for the given IP.

ip = IPAddress("172.16.10.64/24")

ip.broadcast.to_s
  #=> "172.16.10.255"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 296

def broadcast
  self.class.parse_u32(broadcast_u32, @prefix)
end

#broadcast_u32 ⇒ Object

Returns the broadcast address in Unsigned 32bits format

ip = IPaddress("10.0.0.1/29")

ip.broadcast_u32
  #=> 167772167



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 516

def broadcast_u32
  network_u32 + size - 1
end

#c? ⇒ Boolean

Checks whether the ip address belongs to a RFC 791 CLASS C network, no matter what the subnet mask is.

Example:

ip = IPAddress("192.168.1.1/30")

ip.c?
  #=> true

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 724

def c?
  CLASSFUL.key(24) === bits
end

#data ⇒ Object

Returns the address portion of an IPv4 object in a network byte order format.

ip = IPAddress("172.16.10.1/24")

ip.data
  #=> "\254\020\n\001"

It is usually used to include an IP address in a data packet to be sent over a socket

a = Socket.open(params) # socket details here
ip = IPAddress("10.1.1.0/24")
binary_data = ["Address: "].pack("a*") + ip.data 

# Send binary data
a.puts binary_data



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 252

def data
  [@u32].pack("N")
end

#each ⇒ Object

Iterates over all the IP addresses for the given network (or IP address).

The object yielded is a new IPv4 object created from the iteration.

ip = IPAddress("10.0.0.1/29")

ip.each do |i|
  p i.address
end
  #=> "10.0.0.0"
  #=> "10.0.0.1"
  #=> "10.0.0.2"
  #=> "10.0.0.3"
  #=> "10.0.0.4"
  #=> "10.0.0.5"
  #=> "10.0.0.6"
  #=> "10.0.0.7"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 422

def each
  (network_u32..broadcast_u32).each do |i|
    yield self.class.parse_u32(i, @prefix)
  end
end

#each_host ⇒ Object

Iterates over all the hosts IP addresses for the given network (or IP address).

ip = IPAddress("10.0.0.1/29")

ip.each do |i|
  p i.to_s
end
  #=> "10.0.0.1"
  #=> "10.0.0.2"
  #=> "10.0.0.3"
  #=> "10.0.0.4"
  #=> "10.0.0.5"
  #=> "10.0.0.6"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 395

def each_host
  hosts.each do |i|
    yield i
  end
end

#first ⇒ Object

Returns a new IPv4 object with the first host IP address in the range.

Example: given the 192.168.100.0/24 network, the first host IP address is 192.168.100.1.

ip = IPAddress("192.168.100.0/24")

ip.first.to_s
  #=> "192.168.100.1"

The object IP doesn’t need to be a network: the method automatically gets the network number from it

ip = IPAddress("192.168.100.50/24")

ip.first.to_s
  #=> "192.168.100.1"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 350

def first
  self.class.parse_u32(network_u32+1, @prefix)
end

#hosts ⇒ Object

Returns an array with the IP addresses of all the hosts in the network.

ip = IPAddress("10.0.0.1/29")

ip.hosts.map {|i| i.address}
  #=> ["10.0.0.1",
  #=>  "10.0.0.2",
  #=>  "10.0.0.3",
  #=>  "10.0.0.4",
  #=>  "10.0.0.5",
  #=>  "10.0.0.6"]



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 492

def hosts
  to_a[1..-2]
end

#include?(oth) ⇒ Boolean

Checks whether a subnet includes the given IP address.

Accepts either string with the IP or and IPAddress::IPv4 object.

ip = IPAddress("192.168.10.100/24")

addr = IPAddress("192.168.10.102/24")

ip.include? addr
  #=> true

ip.include? IPAddress("172.16.0.48/16")
  #=> false

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 536

def include?(oth)
  @prefix <= oth.prefix and network_u32 == (oth.to_u32 & @prefix.to_u32)
end

#last ⇒ Object

Like its sibling method IPv4#first, this method returns a new IPv4 object with the last host IP address in the range.

Example: given the 192.168.100.0/24 network, the last host IP address is 192.168.100.254

ip = IPAddress("192.168.100.0/24")

ip.last.to_s
  #=> "192.168.100.254"

The object IP doesn’t need to be a network: the method automatically gets the network number from it

ip = IPAddress("192.168.100.50/24")

ip.last.to_s
  #=> "192.168.100.254"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 375

def last
  self.class.parse_u32(broadcast_u32-1, @prefix)
end

#netmask ⇒ Object

Returns the prefix as a string in IP format

ip = IPAddress("172.16.100.4/22")

ip.netmask
  #=> "255.255.252.0"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 191

def netmask
  @prefix.to_ip
end

#netmask=(addr) ⇒ Object

Like IPv4#prefix=, this method allow you to change the prefix / netmask of an IP address object.

ip = IPAddress("172.16.100.4")

puts ip
  #=> 172.16.100.4/16

ip.netmask = "255.255.252.0"

puts ip
  #=> 172.16.100.4/22



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 210

def netmask=(addr)
  @prefix = Prefix32.parse_netmask(addr)
end

#network ⇒ Object

Returns a new IPv4 object with the network number for the given IP.

ip = IPAddress("172.16.10.64/24")

ip.network.to_s
  #=> "172.16.10.0"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 326

def network
  self.class.parse_u32(network_u32, @prefix)
end

#network? ⇒ Boolean

Checks if the IP address is actually a network

ip = IPAddress("172.16.10.64/24")

ip.network?
  #=> false

ip = IPAddress("172.16.10.64/26")

ip.network?
  #=> true

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 313

def network?
  @u32 | @prefix.to_u32 == @prefix.to_u32
end

#network_u32 ⇒ Object

Returns the network number in Unsigned 32bits format

ip = IPAddress("10.0.0.1/29")

ip.network_u32
  #=> 167772160



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 504

def network_u32
  @u32 & @prefix.to_u32
end

#octets ⇒ Object

Returns the address as an array of decimal values

ip = IPAddress("172.16.100.4")

ip.octets
  #=> [172, 16, 100, 4]



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 153

def octets
  @octets
end

#prefix ⇒ Object

Returns the prefix portion of the IPv4 object as a IPAddress::Prefix32 object

ip = IPAddress("172.16.100.4/22")

ip.prefix
  #=> 22

ip.prefix.class
  #=> IPAddress::Prefix32



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 119

def prefix
  @prefix
end

#prefix=(num) ⇒ Object

Set a new prefix number for the object

This is useful if you want to change the prefix to an object created with IPv4::parse_u32 or if the object was created using the classful mask.

ip = IPAddress("172.16.100.4")

puts ip
  #=> 172.16.100.4/16

ip.prefix = 22

puts ip
  #=> 172.16.100.4/22



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 141

def prefix=(num)
  @prefix = Prefix32.new(num)
end

#private? ⇒ Boolean

Checks if an IPv4 address objects belongs to a private network RFC1918

Example:

ip = IPAddress "10.1.1.1/24"
ip.private?
  #=> true

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 550

def private?
  [self.class.new("10.0.0.0/8"),
   self.class.new("172.16.0.0/12"),
   self.class.new("192.168.0.0/16")].any? {|i| i.include? self}
end

#reverse ⇒ Object Also known as: arpa

Returns the IP address in in-addr.arpa format for DNS lookups

ip = IPAddress("172.16.100.50/24")

ip.reverse
  #=> "50.100.16.172.in-addr.arpa"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 565

def reverse
  @octets.reverse.join(".") + ".in-addr.arpa"
end

#size ⇒ Object

Returns the number of IP addresses included in the network. It also counts the network address and the broadcast address.

ip = IPAddress("10.0.0.1/29")

ip.size
  #=> 8



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 474

def size
  2 ** @prefix.host_prefix
end

#subnet(subnets = 2) ⇒ Object Also known as: /

Subnetting a network

If the IP Address is a network, it can be divided into multiple networks. If self is not a network, the method will calculate the network from the IP and then subnet it.

If subnets is an power of two number, the resulting networks will be divided evenly from the supernet.

network = IPAddress("172.16.10.0/24")

network / 4   # implies map{|i| i.to_string}
  #=> ["172.16.10.0/26",
       "172.16.10.64/26",
       "172.16.10.128/26",
       "172.16.10.192/26"]

If num is any other number, the supernet will be divided into some networks with a even number of hosts and other networks with the remaining addresses.

network = IPAddress("172.16.10.0/24")

network / 3   # implies map{|i| i.to_string}
  #=> ["172.16.10.0/26",
       "172.16.10.64/26",
       "172.16.10.128/25"]

Returns an array of IPAddress objects



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 602

def subnet(subnets=2)
  unless (1..(2**@prefix.host_prefix)).include? subnets
    raise ArgumentError, "Value #{subnets} out of range" 
  end
  calculate_subnets(subnets)
end

#supernet(new_prefix) ⇒ Object

Returns a new IPv4 object from the supernetting of the instance network.

Supernetting is similar to subnetting, except that you getting as a result a network with a smaller prefix (bigger host space). For example, given the network

ip = IPAddress("172.16.10.0/24")

you can supernet it with a new /23 prefix

ip.supernet(23).to_string
  #=> "172.16.10.0/23"

However if you supernet it with a /22 prefix, the network address will change:

ip.supernet(22).to_string
  #=> "172.16.8.0/22"

Raises:

  • (ArgumentError) 


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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 632

def supernet(new_prefix)
  raise ArgumentError, "Can't supernet a /1 network" if new_prefix < 1
  raise ArgumentError, "New prefix must be smaller than existing prefix" if new_prefix >= @prefix.to_i
  self.class.new(@address+"/#{new_prefix}").network
end

#to_ipv6 ⇒ Object

Return the ip address in a format compatible with the IPv6 Mapped IPv4 addresses

Example:

ip = IPAddress("172.16.10.1/24")

ip.to_ipv6
  #=> "ac10:0a01"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 739

def to_ipv6
  "%.4x:%.4x" % [to_u32].pack("N").unpack("nn")
end

#to_s ⇒ Object

Returns a string with the address portion of the IPv4 object

ip = IPAddress("172.16.100.4/22")

ip.to_s
  #=> "172.16.100.4"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 166

def to_s
  @address
end

#to_string ⇒ Object

Returns a string with the IP address in canonical form.

ip = IPAddress("172.16.100.4/22")

ip.to_string
  #=> "172.16.100.4/22"



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 179

def to_string
  "#@address/#@prefix"
end

#u32 ⇒ Object Also known as: to_i, to_u32

Returns the address portion in unsigned 32 bits integer format.

This method is identical to the C function inet_pton to create a 32 bits address family structure.

ip = IPAddress("10.0.0.0/8")

ip.to_i
  #=> 167772160



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# File 'lib/ipaddress/ipv4.rb', line 227

def u32
  @u32
end