Module: JSON

Defined in:
lib/json.rb,
lib/json/ext.rb,
lib/json/common.rb,
lib/json/version.rb,
lib/json/generic_object.rb,
lib/json/ext/generator/state.rb,
lib/json/truffle_ruby/generator.rb,
ext/json/ext/parser/parser.c,
ext/json/ext/generator/generator.c

Overview

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)

JSON is a lightweight data-interchange format.

A JSON value is one of the following:

  • Double-quoted text: "foo".

  • Number: 1, 1.0, 2.0e2.

  • Boolean: true, false.

  • Null: null.

  • Array: an ordered list of values, enclosed by square brackets:

    ["foo", 1, 1.0, 2.0e2, true, false, null]

  • Object: a collection of name/value pairs, enclosed by curly braces; each name is double-quoted text; the values may be any JSON values:

    {"a": "foo", "b": 1, "c": 1.0, "d": 2.0e2, "e": true, "f": false, "g": null}

A JSON array or object may contain nested arrays, objects, and scalars to any depth:

{"foo": {"bar": 1, "baz": 2}, "bat": [0, 1, 2]}
[{"foo": 0, "bar": 1}, ["baz", 2]]

Using Module JSON

To make module JSON available in your code, begin with:

require 'json'

All examples here assume that this has been done.

Parsing JSON

You can parse a String containing JSON data using either of two methods:

  • JSON.parse(source, opts)

  • JSON.parse!(source, opts)

where

  • source is a Ruby object.

  • opts is a Hash object containing options that control both input allowed and output formatting.

The difference between the two methods is that JSON.parse! omits some checks and may not be safe for some source data; use it only for data from trusted sources. Use the safer method JSON.parse for less trusted sources.

Parsing JSON Arrays

When source is a JSON array, JSON.parse by default returns a Ruby Array:

json = '["foo", 1, 1.0, 2.0e2, true, false, null]'
ruby = JSON.parse(json)
ruby # => ["foo", 1, 1.0, 200.0, true, false, nil]
ruby.class # => Array

The JSON array may contain nested arrays, objects, and scalars to any depth:

json = '[{"foo": 0, "bar": 1}, ["baz", 2]]'
JSON.parse(json) # => [{"foo"=>0, "bar"=>1}, ["baz", 2]]

Parsing JSON Objects

When the source is a JSON object, JSON.parse by default returns a Ruby Hash:

json = '{"a": "foo", "b": 1, "c": 1.0, "d": 2.0e2, "e": true, "f": false, "g": null}'
ruby = JSON.parse(json)
ruby # => {"a"=>"foo", "b"=>1, "c"=>1.0, "d"=>200.0, "e"=>true, "f"=>false, "g"=>nil}
ruby.class # => Hash

The JSON object may contain nested arrays, objects, and scalars to any depth:

json = '{"foo": {"bar": 1, "baz": 2}, "bat": [0, 1, 2]}'
JSON.parse(json) # => {"foo"=>{"bar"=>1, "baz"=>2}, "bat"=>[0, 1, 2]}

Parsing JSON Scalars

When the source is a JSON scalar (not an array or object), JSON.parse returns a Ruby scalar.

String:

ruby = JSON.parse('"foo"')
ruby # => 'foo'
ruby.class # => String

Integer:

ruby = JSON.parse('1')
ruby # => 1
ruby.class # => Integer

Float:

ruby = JSON.parse('1.0')
ruby # => 1.0
ruby.class # => Float
ruby = JSON.parse('2.0e2')
ruby # => 200
ruby.class # => Float

Boolean:

ruby = JSON.parse('true')
ruby # => true
ruby.class # => TrueClass
ruby = JSON.parse('false')
ruby # => false
ruby.class # => FalseClass

Null:

ruby = JSON.parse('null')
ruby # => nil
ruby.class # => NilClass

Parsing Options

Input Options

Option max_nesting (Integer) specifies the maximum nesting depth allowed; defaults to 100; specify false to disable depth checking.

With the default, false:

source = '[0, [1, [2, [3]]]]'
ruby = JSON.parse(source)
ruby # => [0, [1, [2, [3]]]]

Too deep:

# Raises JSON::NestingError (nesting of 2 is too deep):
JSON.parse(source, {max_nesting: 1})

Bad value:

# Raises TypeError (wrong argument type Symbol (expected Fixnum)):
JSON.parse(source, {max_nesting: :foo})

Option allow_nan (boolean) specifies whether to allow NaN, Infinity, and MinusInfinity in source; defaults to false.

With the default, false:

# Raises JSON::ParserError (225: unexpected token at '[NaN]'):
JSON.parse('[NaN]')
# Raises JSON::ParserError (232: unexpected token at '[Infinity]'):
JSON.parse('[Infinity]')
# Raises JSON::ParserError (248: unexpected token at '[-Infinity]'):
JSON.parse('[-Infinity]')

Allow:

source = '[NaN, Infinity, -Infinity]'
ruby = JSON.parse(source, {allow_nan: true})
ruby # => [NaN, Infinity, -Infinity]
Output Options

Option symbolize_names (boolean) specifies whether returned Hash keys should be Symbols; defaults to false (use Strings).

With the default, false:

source = '{"a": "foo", "b": 1.0, "c": true, "d": false, "e": null}'
ruby = JSON.parse(source)
ruby # => {"a"=>"foo", "b"=>1.0, "c"=>true, "d"=>false, "e"=>nil}

Use Symbols:

ruby = JSON.parse(source, {symbolize_names: true})
ruby # => {:a=>"foo", :b=>1.0, :c=>true, :d=>false, :e=>nil}

Option object_class (Class) specifies the Ruby class to be used for each JSON object; defaults to Hash.

With the default, Hash:

source = '{"a": "foo", "b": 1.0, "c": true, "d": false, "e": null}'
ruby = JSON.parse(source)
ruby.class # => Hash

Use class OpenStruct:

ruby = JSON.parse(source, {object_class: OpenStruct})
ruby # => #<OpenStruct a="foo", b=1.0, c=true, d=false, e=nil>

Option array_class (Class) specifies the Ruby class to be used for each JSON array; defaults to Array.

With the default, Array:

source = '["foo", 1.0, true, false, null]'
ruby = JSON.parse(source)
ruby.class # => Array

Use class Set:

ruby = JSON.parse(source, {array_class: Set})
ruby # => #<Set: {"foo", 1.0, true, false, nil}>

Option create_additions (boolean) specifies whether to use JSON additions in parsing. See JSON Additions.

Generating JSON

To generate a Ruby String containing JSON data, use method JSON.generate(source, opts), where

  • source is a Ruby object.

  • opts is a Hash object containing options that control both input allowed and output formatting.

Generating JSON from Arrays

When the source is a Ruby Array, JSON.generate returns a String containing a JSON array:

ruby = [0, 's', :foo]
json = JSON.generate(ruby)
json # => '[0,"s","foo"]'

The Ruby Array array may contain nested arrays, hashes, and scalars to any depth:

ruby = [0, [1, 2], {foo: 3, bar: 4}]
json = JSON.generate(ruby)
json # => '[0,[1,2],{"foo":3,"bar":4}]'

Generating JSON from Hashes

When the source is a Ruby Hash, JSON.generate returns a String containing a JSON object:

ruby = {foo: 0, bar: 's', baz: :bat}
json = JSON.generate(ruby)
json # => '{"foo":0,"bar":"s","baz":"bat"}'

The Ruby Hash array may contain nested arrays, hashes, and scalars to any depth:

ruby = {foo: [0, 1], bar: {baz: 2, bat: 3}, bam: :bad}
json = JSON.generate(ruby)
json # => '{"foo":[0,1],"bar":{"baz":2,"bat":3},"bam":"bad"}'

Generating JSON from Other Objects

When the source is neither an Array nor a Hash, the generated JSON data depends on the class of the source.

When the source is a Ruby Integer or Float, JSON.generate returns a String containing a JSON number:

JSON.generate(42) # => '42'
JSON.generate(0.42) # => '0.42'

When the source is a Ruby String, JSON.generate returns a String containing a JSON string (with double-quotes):

JSON.generate('A string') # => '"A string"'

When the source is true, false or nil, JSON.generate returns a String containing the corresponding JSON token:

JSON.generate(true) # => 'true'
JSON.generate(false) # => 'false'
JSON.generate(nil) # => 'null'

When the source is none of the above, JSON.generate returns a String containing a JSON string representation of the source:

JSON.generate(:foo) # => '"foo"'
JSON.generate(Complex(0, 0)) # => '"0+0i"'
JSON.generate(Dir.new('.')) # => '"#<Dir>"'

Generating Options

Input Options

Option allow_nan (boolean) specifies whether NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity may be generated; defaults to false.

With the default, false:

# Raises JSON::GeneratorError (920: NaN not allowed in JSON):
JSON.generate(JSON::NaN)
# Raises JSON::GeneratorError (917: Infinity not allowed in JSON):
JSON.generate(JSON::Infinity)
# Raises JSON::GeneratorError (917: -Infinity not allowed in JSON):
JSON.generate(JSON::MinusInfinity)

Allow:

ruby = [Float::NaN, Float::Infinity, Float::MinusInfinity]
JSON.generate(ruby, allow_nan: true) # => '[NaN,Infinity,-Infinity]'

Option max_nesting (Integer) specifies the maximum nesting depth in obj; defaults to 100.

With the default, 100:

obj = [[[[[[0]]]]]]
JSON.generate(obj) # => '[[[[[[0]]]]]]'

Too deep:

# Raises JSON::NestingError (nesting of 2 is too deep):
JSON.generate(obj, max_nesting: 2)
Escaping Options

Options script_safe (boolean) specifies wether '\u2028', '\u2029' and '/' should be escaped as to make the JSON object safe to interpolate in script tags.

Options ascii_only (boolean) specifies wether all characters outside the ASCII range should be escaped.

Output Options

The default formatting options generate the most compact JSON data, all on one line and with no whitespace.

You can use these formatting options to generate JSON data in a more open format, using whitespace. See also JSON.pretty_generate.

  • Option array_nl (String) specifies a string (usually a newline) to be inserted after each JSON array; defaults to the empty String, ''.

  • Option object_nl (String) specifies a string (usually a newline) to be inserted after each JSON object; defaults to the empty String, ''.

  • Option indent (String) specifies the string (usually spaces) to be used for indentation; defaults to the empty String, ''; defaults to the empty String, ''; has no effect unless options array_nl or object_nl specify newlines.

  • Option space (String) specifies a string (usually a space) to be inserted after the colon in each JSON object’s pair; defaults to the empty String, ''.

  • Option space_before (String) specifies a string (usually a space) to be inserted before the colon in each JSON object’s pair; defaults to the empty String, ''.

In this example, obj is used first to generate the shortest JSON data (no whitespace), then again with all formatting options specified:

obj = {foo: [:bar, :baz], bat: {bam: 0, bad: 1}}
json = JSON.generate(obj)
puts 'Compact:', json
opts = {
  array_nl: "\n",
  object_nl: "\n",
  indent: '  ',
  space_before: ' ',
  space: ' '
}
puts 'Open:', JSON.generate(obj, opts)

Output:

Compact:
{"foo":["bar","baz"],"bat":{"bam":0,"bad":1}}
Open:
{
  "foo" : [
    "bar",
    "baz"
],
  "bat" : {
    "bam" : 0,
    "bad" : 1
  }
}

JSON Additions

When you “round trip” a non-String object from Ruby to JSON and back, you have a new String, instead of the object you began with:

ruby0 = Range.new(0, 2)
json = JSON.generate(ruby0)
json # => '0..2"'
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json)
ruby1 # => '0..2'
ruby1.class # => String

You can use JSON additions to preserve the original object. The addition is an extension of a ruby class, so that:

  • JSON.generate stores more information in the JSON string.

  • JSON.parse, called with option create_additions, uses that information to create a proper Ruby object.

This example shows a Range being generated into JSON and parsed back into Ruby, both without and with the addition for Range:

ruby = Range.new(0, 2)
# This passage does not use the addition for Range.
json0 = JSON.generate(ruby)
ruby0 = JSON.parse(json0)
# This passage uses the addition for Range.
require 'json/add/range'
json1 = JSON.generate(ruby)
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json1, create_additions: true)
# Make a nice display.
display = <<~EOT
  Generated JSON:
    Without addition:  #{json0} (#{json0.class})
    With addition:     #{json1} (#{json1.class})
  Parsed JSON:
    Without addition:  #{ruby0.inspect} (#{ruby0.class})
    With addition:     #{ruby1.inspect} (#{ruby1.class})
EOT
puts display

This output shows the different results:

Generated JSON:
  Without addition:  "0..2" (String)
  With addition:     {"json_class":"Range","a":[0,2,false]} (String)
Parsed JSON:
  Without addition:  "0..2" (String)
  With addition:     0..2 (Range)

The JSON module includes additions for certain classes. You can also craft custom additions. See Custom JSON Additions.

Built-in Additions

The JSON module includes additions for certain classes. To use an addition, require its source:

  • BigDecimal: require 'json/add/bigdecimal'

  • Complex: require 'json/add/complex'

  • Date: require 'json/add/date'

  • DateTime: require 'json/add/date_time'

  • Exception: require 'json/add/exception'

  • OpenStruct: require 'json/add/ostruct'

  • Range: require 'json/add/range'

  • Rational: require 'json/add/rational'

  • Regexp: require 'json/add/regexp'

  • Set: require 'json/add/set'

  • Struct: require 'json/add/struct'

  • Symbol: require 'json/add/symbol'

  • Time: require 'json/add/time'

To reduce punctuation clutter, the examples below show the generated JSON via puts, rather than the usual inspect,

BigDecimal:

require 'json/add/bigdecimal'
ruby0 = BigDecimal(0) # 0.0
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"BigDecimal","b":"27:0.0"}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 0.0
ruby1.class # => BigDecimal

Complex:

require 'json/add/complex'
ruby0 = Complex(1+0i) # 1+0i
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Complex","r":1,"i":0}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 1+0i
ruby1.class # Complex

Date:

require 'json/add/date'
ruby0 = Date.today # 2020-05-02
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Date","y":2020,"m":5,"d":2,"sg":2299161.0}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 2020-05-02
ruby1.class # Date

DateTime:

require 'json/add/date_time'
ruby0 = DateTime.now # 2020-05-02T10:38:13-05:00
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"DateTime","y":2020,"m":5,"d":2,"H":10,"M":38,"S":13,"of":"-5/24","sg":2299161.0}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 2020-05-02T10:38:13-05:00
ruby1.class # DateTime

Exception (and its subclasses including RuntimeError):

require 'json/add/exception'
ruby0 = Exception.new('A message') # A message
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Exception","m":"A message","b":null}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # A message
ruby1.class # Exception
ruby0 = RuntimeError.new('Another message') # Another message
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"RuntimeError","m":"Another message","b":null}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # Another message
ruby1.class # RuntimeError

OpenStruct:

require 'json/add/ostruct'
ruby0 = OpenStruct.new(name: 'Matz', language: 'Ruby') # #<OpenStruct name="Matz", language="Ruby">
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"OpenStruct","t":{"name":"Matz","language":"Ruby"}}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # #<OpenStruct name="Matz", language="Ruby">
ruby1.class # OpenStruct

Range:

require 'json/add/range'
ruby0 = Range.new(0, 2) # 0..2
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Range","a":[0,2,false]}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 0..2
ruby1.class # Range

Rational:

require 'json/add/rational'
ruby0 = Rational(1, 3) # 1/3
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Rational","n":1,"d":3}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 1/3
ruby1.class # Rational

Regexp:

require 'json/add/regexp'
ruby0 = Regexp.new('foo') # (?-mix:foo)
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Regexp","o":0,"s":"foo"}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # (?-mix:foo)
ruby1.class # Regexp

Set:

require 'json/add/set'
ruby0 = Set.new([0, 1, 2]) # #<Set: {0, 1, 2}>
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Set","a":[0,1,2]}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # #<Set: {0, 1, 2}>
ruby1.class # Set

Struct:

require 'json/add/struct'
Customer = Struct.new(:name, :address) # Customer
ruby0 = Customer.new("Dave", "123 Main") # #<struct Customer name="Dave", address="123 Main">
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Customer","v":["Dave","123 Main"]}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # #<struct Customer name="Dave", address="123 Main">
ruby1.class # Customer

Symbol:

require 'json/add/symbol'
ruby0 = :foo # foo
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Symbol","s":"foo"}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # foo
ruby1.class # Symbol

Time:

require 'json/add/time'
ruby0 = Time.now # 2020-05-02 11:28:26 -0500
json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Time","s":1588436906,"n":840560000}
ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 2020-05-02 11:28:26 -0500
ruby1.class # Time

Custom JSON Additions

In addition to the JSON additions provided, you can craft JSON additions of your own, either for Ruby built-in classes or for user-defined classes.

Here’s a user-defined class Foo:

class Foo
  attr_accessor :bar, :baz
  def initialize(bar, baz)
    self.bar = bar
    self.baz = baz
  end
end

Here’s the JSON addition for it:

# Extend class Foo with JSON addition.
class Foo
  # Serialize Foo object with its class name and arguments
  def to_json(*args)
    {
      JSON.create_id  => self.class.name,
      'a'             => [ bar, baz ]
    }.to_json(*args)
  end
  # Deserialize JSON string by constructing new Foo object with arguments.
  def self.json_create(object)
    new(*object['a'])
  end
end

Demonstration:

require 'json'
# This Foo object has no custom addition.
foo0 = Foo.new(0, 1)
json0 = JSON.generate(foo0)
obj0 = JSON.parse(json0)
# Lood the custom addition.
require_relative 'foo_addition'
# This foo has the custom addition.
foo1 = Foo.new(0, 1)
json1 = JSON.generate(foo1)
obj1 = JSON.parse(json1, create_additions: true)
#   Make a nice display.
display = <<~EOT
  Generated JSON:
    Without custom addition:  #{json0} (#{json0.class})
    With custom addition:     #{json1} (#{json1.class})
  Parsed JSON:
    Without custom addition:  #{obj0.inspect} (#{obj0.class})
    With custom addition:     #{obj1.inspect} (#{obj1.class})
EOT
puts display

Output:

Generated JSON:
  Without custom addition:  "#<Foo:0x0000000006534e80>" (String)
  With custom addition:     {"json_class":"Foo","a":[0,1]} (String)
Parsed JSON:
  Without custom addition:  "#<Foo:0x0000000006534e80>" (String)
  With custom addition:     #<Foo:0x0000000006473bb8 @bar=0, @baz=1> (Foo)

Defined Under Namespace

Modules: Ext, TruffleRuby Classes: CircularDatastructure, GeneratorError, GenericObject, JSONError, MissingUnicodeSupport, NestingError, ParserError

Constant Summary collapse

JSON_LOADED = 
true
NaN = 
0.0/0
Infinity = 
1.0/0
MinusInfinity = 
-Infinity
UnparserError =

For backwards compatibility

GeneratorError
VERSION = 
'2.9.0'

Class Attribute Summary collapse

Class Method Summary collapse

Class Attribute Details

.dump_default_options ⇒ Object

Sets or returns the default options for the JSON.dump method. Initially:

opts = JSON.dump_default_options
opts # => {:max_nesting=>false, :allow_nan=>true}



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 761

def dump_default_options
  @dump_default_options
end

.generator ⇒ Object

Returns the JSON generator module that is used by JSON.



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 100

def generator
  @generator
end

.load_default_options ⇒ Object

Sets or returns default options for the JSON.load method. Initially:

opts = JSON.load_default_options
opts # => {:max_nesting=>false, :allow_nan=>true, :allow_blank=>true, :create_additions=>true}



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 418

def load_default_options
  @load_default_options
end

.parser ⇒ Object

Returns the JSON parser class that is used by JSON.



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 37

def parser
  @parser
end

.state ⇒ Object

Sets or Returns the JSON generator state class that is used by JSON.



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 103

def state
  @state
end

.unsafe_load_default_options ⇒ Object

Sets or returns default options for the JSON.unsafe_load method. Initially:

opts = JSON.load_default_options
opts # => {:max_nesting=>false, :allow_nan=>true, :allow_blank=>true, :create_additions=>true}



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 404

def unsafe_load_default_options
  @unsafe_load_default_options
end

Class Method Details

.[](object, opts = {}) ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

JSON[object] -> new_array or new_string

If object is a String, calls JSON.parse with object and opts (see method #parse):

json = '[0, 1, null]'
JSON[json]# => [0, 1, nil]

Otherwise, calls JSON.generate with object and opts (see method #generate):

ruby = [0, 1, nil]
JSON[ruby] # => '[0,1,null]'



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 23

def [](object, opts = {})
  if object.is_a?(String)
    return JSON.parse(object, opts)
  elsif object.respond_to?(:to_str)
    str = object.to_str
    if str.is_a?(String)
      return JSON.parse(str, opts)
    end
  end

  JSON.generate(object, opts)
end

.create_fast_state ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 80

def create_fast_state
  State.new(
    :indent         => '',
    :space          => '',
    :object_nl      => "",
    :array_nl       => "",
    :max_nesting    => false
  )
end

.create_id ⇒ Object

Returns the current create identifier. See also JSON.create_id=.



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 115

def self.create_id
  Thread.current[:"JSON.create_id"] || 'json_class'
end

.create_id=(new_value) ⇒ Object

Sets create identifier, which is used to decide if the json_create hook of a class should be called; initial value is json_class:

JSON.create_id # => 'json_class'



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 109

def self.create_id=(new_value)
  Thread.current[:"JSON.create_id"] = new_value.dup.freeze
end

.create_pretty_state ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 90

def create_pretty_state
  State.new(
    :indent         => '  ',
    :space          => ' ',
    :object_nl      => "\n",
    :array_nl       => "\n"
  )
end

.deep_const_get(path) ⇒ Object

Return the constant located at path. The format of path has to be either ::A::B::C or A::B::C. In any case, A has to be located at the top level (absolute namespace path?). If there doesn’t exist a constant at the given path, an ArgumentError is raised.



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 50

def deep_const_get(path) # :nodoc:
  Object.const_get(path)
rescue NameError => e
  raise ArgumentError, "can't get const #{path}: #{e}"
end

.dump(obj, anIO = nil, limit = nil, kwargs = nil) ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

JSON.dump(obj, io = nil, limit = nil)

Dumps obj as a JSON string, i.e. calls generate on the object and returns the result.

The default options can be changed via method JSON.dump_default_options.

  • Argument io, if given, should respond to method write; the JSON String is written to io, and io is returned. If io is not given, the JSON String is returned.

  • Argument limit, if given, is passed to JSON.generate as option max_nesting.

When argument io is not given, returns the JSON String generated from obj:

obj = {foo: [0, 1], bar: {baz: 2, bat: 3}, bam: :bad}
json = JSON.dump(obj)
json # => "{\"foo\":[0,1],\"bar\":{\"baz\":2,\"bat\":3},\"bam\":\"bad\"}"

When argument io is given, writes the JSON String to io and returns io:

path = 't.json'
File.open(path, 'w') do |file|
  JSON.dump(obj, file)
end # => #<File:t.json (closed)>
puts File.read(path)

Output:

{"foo":[0,1],"bar":{"baz":2,"bat":3},"bam":"bad"}



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 795

def dump(obj, anIO = nil, limit = nil, kwargs = nil)
  if kwargs.nil?
    if limit.nil?
      if anIO.is_a?(Hash)
        kwargs = anIO
        anIO = nil
      end
    elsif limit.is_a?(Hash)
      kwargs = limit
      limit = nil
    end
  end

  unless anIO.nil?
    if anIO.respond_to?(:to_io)
      anIO = anIO.to_io
    elsif limit.nil? && !anIO.respond_to?(:write)
      anIO, limit = nil, anIO
    end
  end

  opts = JSON.dump_default_options
  opts = opts.merge(:max_nesting => limit) if limit
  opts = merge_dump_options(opts, **kwargs) if kwargs

  begin
    if State === opts
      opts.generate(obj, anIO)
    else
      State.generate(obj, opts, anIO)
    end
  rescue JSON::NestingError
    raise ArgumentError, "exceed depth limit"
  end
end

.fast_generate(obj, opts = nil) ⇒ Object Also known as: fast_unparse

:call-seq:

JSON.fast_generate(obj, opts) -> new_string

Arguments obj and opts here are the same as arguments obj and opts in JSON.generate.

By default, generates JSON data without checking for circular references in obj (option max_nesting set to false, disabled).

Raises an exception if obj contains circular references:

a = []; b = []; a.push(b); b.push(a)
# Raises SystemStackError (stack level too deep):
JSON.fast_generate(a)



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 329

def fast_generate(obj, opts = nil)
  if State === opts
    state = opts
  else
    state = JSON.create_fast_state.configure(opts)
  end
  state.generate(obj)
end

.generate(obj, opts = nil) ⇒ Object Also known as: unparse

:call-seq:

JSON.generate(obj, opts = nil) -> new_string

Returns a String containing the generated JSON data.

See also JSON.fast_generate, JSON.pretty_generate.

Argument obj is the Ruby object to be converted to JSON.

Argument opts, if given, contains a Hash of options for the generation. See Generating Options.

When obj is an Array, returns a String containing a JSON array:

obj = ["foo", 1.0, true, false, nil]
json = JSON.generate(obj)
json # => '["foo",1.0,true,false,null]'

When obj is a Hash, returns a String containing a JSON object:

obj = {foo: 0, bar: 's', baz: :bat}
json = JSON.generate(obj)
json # => '{"foo":0,"bar":"s","baz":"bat"}'

For examples of generating from other Ruby objects, see Generating JSON from Other Objects.

Raises an exception if any formatting option is not a String.

Raises an exception if obj contains circular references:

a = []; b = []; a.push(b); b.push(a)
# Raises JSON::NestingError (nesting of 100 is too deep):
JSON.generate(a)



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 301

def generate(obj, opts = nil)
  if State === opts
    opts.generate(obj)
  else
    State.generate(obj, opts, nil)
  end
end

.iconv(to, from, string) ⇒ Object

Encodes string using String.encode.



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 832

def self.iconv(to, from, string)
  string.encode(to, from)
end

.load(source, proc = nil, options = nil) ⇒ Object Also known as: restore

:call-seq:

JSON.load(source, proc = nil, options = {}) -> object

Returns the Ruby objects created by parsing the given source.

BEWARE: This method is meant to serialise data from trusted user input, like from your own database server or clients under your control, it could be dangerous to allow untrusted users to pass JSON sources into it. If you must use it, use JSON.unsafe_load instead to make it clear.

Since JSON version 2.8.0, ‘load` emits a deprecation warning when a non native type is deserialized, without `create_additions` being explicitly enabled, and in JSON version 3.0, `load` will have `create_additions` disabled by default.

  • Argument source must be, or be convertible to, a String:

    • If source responds to instance method to_str, source.to_str becomes the source.

    • If source responds to instance method to_io, source.to_io.read becomes the source.

    • If source responds to instance method read, source.read becomes the source.

    • If both of the following are true, source becomes the String 'null':

      • Option allow_blank specifies a truthy value.

      • The source, as defined above, is nil or the empty String ''.

    • Otherwise, source remains the source.

  • Argument proc, if given, must be a Proc that accepts one argument. It will be called recursively with each result (depth-first order). See details below.

  • Argument opts, if given, contains a Hash of options for the parsing. See Parsing Options. The default options can be changed via method JSON.load_default_options=.

When no proc is given, modifies source as above and returns the result of parse(source, opts); see #parse.

Source for following examples:

source = <<~JSON
  {
    "name": "Dave",
    "age" :40,
    "hats": [
      "Cattleman's",
      "Panama",
      "Tophat"
    ]
  }
JSON

Load a String:

ruby = JSON.load(source)
ruby # => {"name"=>"Dave", "age"=>40, "hats"=>["Cattleman's", "Panama", "Tophat"]}

Load an IO object:

require 'stringio'
object = JSON.load(StringIO.new(source))
object # => {"name"=>"Dave", "age"=>40, "hats"=>["Cattleman's", "Panama", "Tophat"]}

Load a File object:

path = 't.json'
File.write(path, source)
File.open(path) do |file|
  JSON.load(file)
end # => {"name"=>"Dave", "age"=>40, "hats"=>["Cattleman's", "Panama", "Tophat"]}

When proc is given:

  • Modifies source as above.

  • Gets the result from calling parse(source, opts).

  • Recursively calls proc(result).

  • Returns the final result.

Example:

require 'json'

# Some classes for the example.
class Base
  def initialize(attributes)
    @attributes = attributes
  end
end
class User    < Base; end
class Account < Base; end
class Admin   < Base; end
# The JSON source.
json = <<-EOF
{
  "users": [
      {"type": "User", "username": "jane", "email": "[email protected]"},
      {"type": "User", "username": "john", "email": "[email protected]"}
  ],
  "accounts": [
      {"account": {"type": "Account", "paid": true, "account_id": "1234"}},
      {"account": {"type": "Account", "paid": false, "account_id": "1235"}}
  ],
  "admins": {"type": "Admin", "password": "0wn3d"}
}
EOF
# Deserializer method.
def deserialize_obj(obj, safe_types = %w(User Account Admin))
  type = obj.is_a?(Hash) && obj["type"]
  safe_types.include?(type) ? Object.const_get(type).new(obj) : obj
end
# Call to JSON.load
ruby = JSON.load(json, proc {|obj|
  case obj
  when Hash
    obj.each {|k, v| obj[k] = deserialize_obj v }
  when Array
    obj.map! {|v| deserialize_obj v }
  end
})
pp ruby

Output:

{"users"=>
   [#<User:0x00000000064c4c98
     @attributes=
       {"type"=>"User", "username"=>"jane", "email"=>"[email protected]"}>,
     #<User:0x00000000064c4bd0
     @attributes=
       {"type"=>"User", "username"=>"john", "email"=>"[email protected]"}>],
 "accounts"=>
   [{"account"=>
       #<Account:0x00000000064c4928
       @attributes={"type"=>"Account", "paid"=>true, "account_id"=>"1234"}>},
    {"account"=>
       #<Account:0x00000000064c4680
       @attributes={"type"=>"Account", "paid"=>false, "account_id"=>"1235"}>}],
 "admins"=>
   #<Admin:0x00000000064c41f8
   @attributes={"type"=>"Admin", "password"=>"0wn3d"}>}



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 714

def load(source, proc = nil, options = nil)
  opts = if options.nil?
    load_default_options
  else
    load_default_options.merge(options)
  end

  unless source.is_a?(String)
    if source.respond_to? :to_str
      source = source.to_str
    elsif source.respond_to? :to_io
      source = source.to_io.read
    elsif source.respond_to?(:read)
      source = source.read
    end
  end

  if opts[:allow_blank] && (source.nil? || source.empty?)
    source = 'null'
  end
  result = parse(source, opts)
  recurse_proc(result, &proc) if proc
  result
end

.load_file(filespec, opts = nil) ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

JSON.load_file(path, opts={}) -> object

Calls:

parse(File.read(path), opts)

See method #parse.



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 250

def load_file(filespec, opts = nil)
  parse(File.read(filespec, encoding: Encoding::UTF_8), opts)
end

.load_file!(filespec, opts = {}) ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

JSON.load_file!(path, opts = {})

Calls:

JSON.parse!(File.read(path, opts))

See method #parse!



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 261

def load_file!(filespec, opts = {})
  parse!(File.read(filespec, encoding: Encoding::UTF_8), opts)
end

.merge_dump_options(opts, strict: NOT_SET) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 836

def merge_dump_options(opts, strict: NOT_SET)
  opts = opts.merge(strict: strict) if NOT_SET != strict
  opts
end

.parse(source, opts = nil) ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

JSON.parse(source, opts) -> object

Returns the Ruby objects created by parsing the given source.

Argument source contains the String to be parsed.

Argument opts, if given, contains a Hash of options for the parsing. See Parsing Options.

When source is a JSON array, returns a Ruby Array:

source = '["foo", 1.0, true, false, null]'
ruby = JSON.parse(source)
ruby # => ["foo", 1.0, true, false, nil]
ruby.class # => Array

When source is a JSON object, returns a Ruby Hash:

source = '{"a": "foo", "b": 1.0, "c": true, "d": false, "e": null}'
ruby = JSON.parse(source)
ruby # => {"a"=>"foo", "b"=>1.0, "c"=>true, "d"=>false, "e"=>nil}
ruby.class # => Hash

For examples of parsing for all JSON data types, see Parsing JSON.

Parses nested JSON objects:

source = <<~JSON
  {
  "name": "Dave",
    "age" :40,
    "hats": [
      "Cattleman's",
      "Panama",
      "Tophat"
    ]
  }
JSON
ruby = JSON.parse(source)
ruby # => {"name"=>"Dave", "age"=>40, "hats"=>["Cattleman's", "Panama", "Tophat"]}

Raises an exception if source is not valid JSON:

# Raises JSON::ParserError (783: unexpected token at ''):
JSON.parse('')



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 220

def parse(source, opts = nil)
  Parser.parse(source, opts)
end

.parse!(source, opts = {}) ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

JSON.parse!(source, opts) -> object

Calls

parse(source, opts)

with source and possibly modified opts.

Differences from JSON.parse:

  • Option max_nesting, if not provided, defaults to false, which disables checking for nesting depth.

  • Option allow_nan, if not provided, defaults to true.



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 235

def parse!(source, opts = {})
  opts = {
    :max_nesting  => false,
    :allow_nan    => true
  }.merge(opts)
  Parser.new(source, **(opts||{})).parse
end

.pretty_generate(obj, opts = nil) ⇒ Object Also known as: pretty_unparse

:call-seq:

JSON.pretty_generate(obj, opts = nil) -> new_string

Arguments obj and opts here are the same as arguments obj and opts in JSON.generate.

Default options are:

{
  indent: '  ',   # Two spaces
  space: ' ',     # One space
  array_nl: "\n", # Newline
  object_nl: "\n" # Newline
}

Example:

obj = {foo: [:bar, :baz], bat: {bam: 0, bad: 1}}
json = JSON.pretty_generate(obj)
puts json

Output:

{
  "foo": [
    "bar",
    "baz"
  ],
  "bat": {
    "bam": 0,
    "bad": 1
  }
}



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 374

def pretty_generate(obj, opts = nil)
  if State === opts
    state, opts = opts, nil
  else
    state = JSON.create_pretty_state
  end
  if opts
    if opts.respond_to? :to_hash
      opts = opts.to_hash
    elsif opts.respond_to? :to_h
      opts = opts.to_h
    else
      raise TypeError, "can't convert #{opts.class} into Hash"
    end
    state.configure(opts)
  end
  state.generate(obj)
end

.recurse_proc(result, &proc) ⇒ Object

Recursively calls passed Proc if the parsed data structure is an Array or Hash



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 740

def recurse_proc(result, &proc) # :nodoc:
  case result
  when Array
    result.each { |x| recurse_proc x, &proc }
    proc.call result
  when Hash
    result.each { |x, y| recurse_proc x, &proc; recurse_proc y, &proc }
    proc.call result
  else
    proc.call result
  end
end

.unsafe_load(source, proc = nil, options = nil) ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

JSON.unsafe_load(source, proc = nil, options = {}) -> object

Returns the Ruby objects created by parsing the given source.

BEWARE: This method is meant to serialise data from trusted user input, like from your own database server or clients under your control, it could be dangerous to allow untrusted users to pass JSON sources into it.

  • Argument source must be, or be convertible to, a String:

    • If source responds to instance method to_str, source.to_str becomes the source.

    • If source responds to instance method to_io, source.to_io.read becomes the source.

    • If source responds to instance method read, source.read becomes the source.

    • If both of the following are true, source becomes the String 'null':

      • Option allow_blank specifies a truthy value.

      • The source, as defined above, is nil or the empty String ''.

    • Otherwise, source remains the source.

  • Argument proc, if given, must be a Proc that accepts one argument. It will be called recursively with each result (depth-first order). See details below.

  • Argument opts, if given, contains a Hash of options for the parsing. See Parsing Options. The default options can be changed via method JSON.unsafe_load_default_options=.

When no proc is given, modifies source as above and returns the result of parse(source, opts); see #parse.

Source for following examples:

source = <<~JSON
  {
    "name": "Dave",
    "age" :40,
    "hats": [
      "Cattleman's",
      "Panama",
      "Tophat"
    ]
  }
JSON

Load a String:

ruby = JSON.unsafe_load(source)
ruby # => {"name"=>"Dave", "age"=>40, "hats"=>["Cattleman's", "Panama", "Tophat"]}

Load an IO object:

require 'stringio'
object = JSON.unsafe_load(StringIO.new(source))
object # => {"name"=>"Dave", "age"=>40, "hats"=>["Cattleman's", "Panama", "Tophat"]}

Load a File object:

path = 't.json'
File.write(path, source)
File.open(path) do |file|
  JSON.unsafe_load(file)
end # => {"name"=>"Dave", "age"=>40, "hats"=>["Cattleman's", "Panama", "Tophat"]}

When proc is given:

  • Modifies source as above.

  • Gets the result from calling parse(source, opts).

  • Recursively calls proc(result).

  • Returns the final result.

Example:

require 'json'

# Some classes for the example.
class Base
  def initialize(attributes)
    @attributes = attributes
  end
end
class User    < Base; end
class Account < Base; end
class Admin   < Base; end
# The JSON source.
json = <<-EOF
{
  "users": [
      {"type": "User", "username": "jane", "email": "[email protected]"},
      {"type": "User", "username": "john", "email": "[email protected]"}
  ],
  "accounts": [
      {"account": {"type": "Account", "paid": true, "account_id": "1234"}},
      {"account": {"type": "Account", "paid": false, "account_id": "1235"}}
  ],
  "admins": {"type": "Admin", "password": "0wn3d"}
}
EOF
# Deserializer method.
def deserialize_obj(obj, safe_types = %w(User Account Admin))
  type = obj.is_a?(Hash) && obj["type"]
  safe_types.include?(type) ? Object.const_get(type).new(obj) : obj
end
# Call to JSON.unsafe_load
ruby = JSON.unsafe_load(json, proc {|obj|
  case obj
  when Hash
    obj.each {|k, v| obj[k] = deserialize_obj v }
  when Array
    obj.map! {|v| deserialize_obj v }
  end
})
pp ruby

Output:

{"users"=>
   [#<User:0x00000000064c4c98
     @attributes=
       {"type"=>"User", "username"=>"jane", "email"=>"[email protected]"}>,
     #<User:0x00000000064c4bd0
     @attributes=
       {"type"=>"User", "username"=>"john", "email"=>"[email protected]"}>],
 "accounts"=>
   [{"account"=>
       #<Account:0x00000000064c4928
       @attributes={"type"=>"Account", "paid"=>true, "account_id"=>"1234"}>},
    {"account"=>
       #<Account:0x00000000064c4680
       @attributes={"type"=>"Account", "paid"=>false, "account_id"=>"1235"}>}],
 "admins"=>
   #<Admin:0x00000000064c41f8
   @attributes={"type"=>"Admin", "password"=>"0wn3d"}>}



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# File 'lib/json/common.rb', line 554

def unsafe_load(source, proc = nil, options = nil)
  opts = if options.nil?
    unsafe_load_default_options
  else
    unsafe_load_default_options.merge(options)
  end

  unless source.is_a?(String)
    if source.respond_to? :to_str
      source = source.to_str
    elsif source.respond_to? :to_io
      source = source.to_io.read
    elsif source.respond_to?(:read)
      source = source.read
    end
  end

  if opts[:allow_blank] && (source.nil? || source.empty?)
    source = 'null'
  end
  result = parse(source, opts)
  recurse_proc(result, &proc) if proc
  result
end