Class: SQLite3::Database

Inherits:
Object
  • Object
show all
Includes:
Pragmas
Defined in:
lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb,
lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-x86_64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb

Overview

The Database class encapsulates a single connection to a SQLite3 database. Its usage is very straightforward:

require 'sqlite3'

SQLite3::Database.new( "data.db" ) do |db|
  db.execute( "select * from table" ) do |row|
    p row
  end
end

It wraps the lower-level methods provides by the selected driver, and includes the Pragmas module for access to various pragma convenience methods.

The Database class provides type translation services as well, by which the SQLite3 data types (which are all represented as strings) may be converted into their corresponding types (as defined in the schemas for their tables). This translation only occurs when querying data from the database–insertions and updates are all still typeless.

Furthermore, the Database class has been designed to work well with the ArrayFields module from Ara Howard. If you require the ArrayFields module before performing a query, and if you have not enabled results as hashes, then the results will all be indexible by field name.

Defined Under Namespace

Classes: FunctionProxy

Constant Summary

Constants included from Pragmas

Pragmas::AUTO_VACUUM_MODES, Pragmas::ENCODINGS, Pragmas::JOURNAL_MODES, Pragmas::LOCKING_MODES, Pragmas::SYNCHRONOUS_MODES, Pragmas::TEMP_STORE_MODES, Pragmas::WAL_CHECKPOINTS

Instance Attribute Summary collapse

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Methods included from Pragmas

#application_id, #application_id=, #auto_vacuum, #auto_vacuum=, #automatic_index, #automatic_index=, #busy_timeout=, #cache_size, #cache_size=, #cache_spill, #cache_spill=, #case_sensitive_like=, #cell_size_check, #cell_size_check=, #checkpoint_fullfsync, #checkpoint_fullfsync=, #collation_list, #compile_options, #count_changes, #count_changes=, #data_version, #database_list, #default_cache_size, #default_cache_size=, #default_synchronous, #default_synchronous=, #default_temp_store, #default_temp_store=, #defer_foreign_keys, #defer_foreign_keys=, #encoding, #encoding=, #foreign_key_check, #foreign_key_list, #foreign_keys, #foreign_keys=, #freelist_count, #full_column_names, #full_column_names=, #fullfsync, #fullfsync=, #get_boolean_pragma, #get_enum_pragma, #get_int_pragma, #get_query_pragma, #ignore_check_constraints=, #incremental_vacuum, #index_info, #index_list, #index_xinfo, #integrity_check, #journal_mode, #journal_mode=, #journal_size_limit, #journal_size_limit=, #legacy_file_format, #legacy_file_format=, #locking_mode, #locking_mode=, #max_page_count, #max_page_count=, #mmap_size, #mmap_size=, #page_count, #page_size, #page_size=, #parser_trace=, #query_only, #query_only=, #quick_check, #read_uncommitted, #read_uncommitted=, #recursive_triggers, #recursive_triggers=, #reverse_unordered_selects, #reverse_unordered_selects=, #schema_cookie, #schema_cookie=, #schema_version, #schema_version=, #secure_delete, #secure_delete=, #set_boolean_pragma, #set_enum_pragma, #set_int_pragma, #short_column_names, #short_column_names=, #shrink_memory, #soft_heap_limit, #soft_heap_limit=, #stats, #synchronous, #synchronous=, #table_info, #temp_store, #temp_store=, #threads, #threads=, #user_cookie, #user_cookie=, #user_version, #user_version=, #vdbe_addoptrace=, #vdbe_debug=, #vdbe_listing=, #vdbe_trace, #vdbe_trace=, #wal_autocheckpoint, #wal_autocheckpoint=, #wal_checkpoint, #wal_checkpoint=, #writable_schema=

Constructor Details

#initialize(file, options = {}, zvfs = nil) ⇒ Database

call-seq: SQLite3::Database.new(file, options = {})

Create a new Database object that opens the given file. If utf16 is true, the filename is interpreted as a UTF-16 encoded string.

By default, the new database will return result rows as arrays (#results_as_hash) and has type translation disabled (#type_translation=).



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 65

def initialize file, options = {}, zvfs = nil
  mode = Constants::Open::READWRITE | Constants::Open::CREATE

  file = file.to_path if file.respond_to? :to_path
  if file.encoding == ::Encoding::UTF_16LE || file.encoding == ::Encoding::UTF_16BE || options[:utf16]
    open16 file
  else
    # The three primary flag values for sqlite3_open_v2 are:
    # SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY
    # SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE
    # SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE -- always used for sqlite3_open and sqlite3_open16
    mode = Constants::Open::READONLY if options[:readonly]

    if options[:readwrite]
      raise "conflicting options: readonly and readwrite" if options[:readonly]
      mode = Constants::Open::READWRITE
    end

    if options[:flags]
      if options[:readonly] || options[:readwrite]
        raise "conflicting options: flags with readonly and/or readwrite"
      end
      mode = options[:flags]
    end

    open_v2 file.encode("utf-8"), mode, zvfs

    if options[:strict]
      disable_quirk_mode
    end
  end

  @tracefunc        = nil
  @authorizer       = nil
  @encoding         = nil
  @busy_handler     = nil
  @collations       = {}
  @functions        = {}
  @results_as_hash  = options[:results_as_hash]
  @type_translation = options[:type_translation]
  @type_translator  = make_type_translator @type_translation
  @readonly         = mode & Constants::Open::READONLY != 0

  if block_given?
    begin
      yield self
    ensure
      close
    end
  end
end

Instance Attribute Details

#collations ⇒ Object (readonly)

Returns the value of attribute collations.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 36

def collations
  @collations
end

#results_as_hash ⇒ Object

A boolean that indicates whether rows in result sets should be returned as hashes or not. By default, rows are returned as arrays.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 55

def results_as_hash
  @results_as_hash
end

#type_translation ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 126

def type_translation
  @type_translation
end

Class Method Details

.quote(string) ⇒ Object

Quotes the given string, making it safe to use in an SQL statement. It replaces all instances of the single-quote character with two single-quote characters. The modified string is returned.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 47

def quote( string )
  string.gsub( /'/, "''" )
end

Instance Method Details

#authorizer(&block) ⇒ Object

Installs (or removes) a block that will be invoked for every access to the database. If the block returns 0 (or nil), the statement is allowed to proceed. Returning 1 causes an authorization error to occur, and returning 2 causes the access to be silently denied.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 142

def authorizer( &block )
  self.authorizer = block
end

#commit ⇒ Object

Commits the current transaction. If there is no current transaction, this will cause an error to be raised. This returns true, in order to allow it to be used in idioms like abort? and rollback or commit.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 654

def commit
  execute "commit transaction"
  true
end

#create_aggregate(name, arity, step = nil, finalize = nil, text_rep = Constants::TextRep::ANY, &block) ⇒ Object

Creates a new aggregate function for use in SQL statements. Aggregate functions are functions that apply over every row in the result set, instead of over just a single row. (A very common aggregate function is the “count” function, for determining the number of rows that match a query.)

The new function will be added as name, with the given arity. (For variable arity functions, use -1 for the arity.)

The step parameter must be a proc object that accepts as its first parameter a FunctionProxy instance (representing the function invocation), with any subsequent parameters (up to the function’s arity). The step callback will be invoked once for each row of the result set.

The finalize parameter must be a proc object that accepts only a single parameter, the FunctionProxy instance representing the current function invocation. It should invoke FunctionProxy#result= to store the result of the function.

Example:

db.create_aggregate( "lengths", 1 ) do
  step do |func, value|
    func[ :total ] ||= 0
    func[ :total ] += ( value ? value.length : 0 )
  end

  finalize do |func|
    func.result = func[ :total ] || 0
  end
end

puts db.get_first_value( "select lengths(name) from table" )

See also #create_aggregate_handler for a more object-oriented approach to aggregate functions.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 445

def create_aggregate( name, arity, step=nil, finalize=nil,
  text_rep=Constants::TextRep::ANY, &block )

  proxy = Class.new do
    def self.step( &block )
      define_method(:step_with_ctx, &block)
    end

    def self.finalize( &block )
      define_method(:finalize_with_ctx, &block)
    end
  end

  if block_given?
    proxy.instance_eval(&block)
  else
    proxy.class_eval do
      define_method(:step_with_ctx, step)
      define_method(:finalize_with_ctx, finalize)
    end
  end

  proxy.class_eval do
    # class instance variables
    @name = name
    @arity = arity

    def self.name
      @name
    end

    def self.arity
      @arity
    end

    def initialize
      @ctx = FunctionProxy.new
    end

    def step( *args )
      step_with_ctx(@ctx, *args)
    end

    def finalize
      finalize_with_ctx(@ctx)
      @ctx.result
    end
  end
  define_aggregator2(proxy, name)
end

#create_aggregate_handler(handler) ⇒ Object

This is another approach to creating an aggregate function (see #create_aggregate). Instead of explicitly specifying the name, callbacks, arity, and type, you specify a factory object (the “handler”) that knows how to obtain all of that information. The handler should respond to the following messages:

arity

corresponds to the arity parameter of #create_aggregate. This message is optional, and if the handler does not respond to it, the function will have an arity of -1.

name

this is the name of the function. The handler must implement this message.

new

this must be implemented by the handler. It should return a new instance of the object that will handle a specific invocation of the function.

The handler instance (the object returned by the new message, described above), must respond to the following messages:

step

this is the method that will be called for each step of the aggregate function’s evaluation. It should implement the same signature as the step callback for #create_aggregate.

finalize

this is the method that will be called to finalize the aggregate function’s evaluation. It should implement the same signature as the finalize callback for #create_aggregate.

Example:

class LengthsAggregateHandler
  def self.arity; 1; end
  def self.name; 'lengths'; end

  def initialize
    @total = 0
  end

  def step( ctx, name )
    @total += ( name ? name.length : 0 )
  end

  def finalize( ctx )
    ctx.result = @total
  end
end

db.create_aggregate_handler( LengthsAggregateHandler )
puts db.get_first_value( "select lengths(name) from A" )



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 543

def create_aggregate_handler( handler )
  # This is a compatibility shim so the (basically pointless) FunctionProxy
  # "ctx" object is passed as first argument to both step() and finalize().
  # Now its up to the library user whether he prefers to store his
  # temporaries as instance variables or fields in the FunctionProxy.
  # The library user still must set the result value with
  # FunctionProxy.result= as there is no backwards compatible way to
  # change this.
  proxy = Class.new(handler) do
    def initialize
      super
      @fp = FunctionProxy.new
    end

    def step( *args )
      super(@fp, *args)
    end

    def finalize
      super(@fp)
      @fp.result
    end
  end
  define_aggregator2(proxy, proxy.name)
  self
end

#create_function(name, arity, text_rep = Constants::TextRep::UTF8, &block) ⇒ Object

Creates a new function for use in SQL statements. It will be added as name, with the given arity. (For variable arity functions, use -1 for the arity.)

The block should accept at least one parameter–the FunctionProxy instance that wraps this function invocation–and any other arguments it needs (up to its arity).

The block does not return a value directly. Instead, it will invoke the FunctionProxy#result= method on the func parameter and indicate the return value that way.

Example:

db.create_function( "maim", 1 ) do |func, value|
  if value.nil?
    func.result = nil
  else
    func.result = value.split(//).sort.join
  end
end

puts db.get_first_value( "select maim(name) from table" )



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 400

def create_function name, arity, text_rep=Constants::TextRep::UTF8, &block
  define_function_with_flags(name, text_rep) do |*args|
    fp = FunctionProxy.new
    block.call(fp, *args)
    fp.result
  end
  self
end

#define_aggregator(name, aggregator) ⇒ Object

Define an aggregate function named name using a object template object aggregator. aggregator must respond to step and finalize. step will be called with row information and finalize must return the return value for the aggregator function.

_API Change:_ aggregator must also implement clone. The provided aggregator object will serve as template that is cloned to provide the individual instances of the aggregate function. Regular ruby objects already provide a suitable clone. The functions arity is the arity of the step method.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 580

def define_aggregator( name, aggregator )
  # Previously, this has been implemented in C. Now this is just yet
  # another compatibility shim
  proxy = Class.new do
    @template = aggregator
    @name = name

    def self.template
      @template
    end

    def self.name
      @name
    end

    def self.arity
      # this is what sqlite3_obj_method_arity did before
      @template.method(:step).arity
    end

    def initialize
      @klass = self.class.template.clone
    end

    def step(*args)
      @klass.step(*args)
    end

    def finalize
      @klass.finalize
    end
  end
  define_aggregator2(proxy, name)
  self
end

#execute(sql, bind_vars = [], *args, &block) ⇒ Object

Executes the given SQL statement. If additional parameters are given, they are treated as bind variables, and are bound to the placeholders in the query.

Note that if any of the values passed to this are hashes, then the key/value pairs are each bound separately, with the key being used as the name of the placeholder to bind the value to.

The block is optional. If given, it will be invoked for each row returned by the query. Otherwise, any results are accumulated into an array and returned wholesale.

See also #execute2, #query, and #execute_batch for additional ways of executing statements.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 183

def execute sql, bind_vars = [], *args, &block
  if bind_vars.nil? || !args.empty?
    if args.empty?
      bind_vars = []
    else
      bind_vars = [bind_vars] + args
    end

    warn(<<-eowarn) if $VERBOSE
#{caller[0]} is calling SQLite3::Database#execute with nil or multiple bind params
without using an array.  Please switch to passing bind parameters as an array.
Support for bind parameters as *args will be removed in 2.0.0.
    eowarn
  end

  prepare( sql ) do |stmt|
    stmt.bind_params(bind_vars)
    stmt    = ResultSet.new self, stmt

    if block_given?
      stmt.each do |row|
        yield row
      end
    else
      stmt.to_a
    end
  end
end

#execute2(sql, *bind_vars) ⇒ Object

Executes the given SQL statement, exactly as with #execute. However, the first row returned (either via the block, or in the returned array) is always the names of the columns. Subsequent rows correspond to the data from the result set.

Thus, even if the query itself returns no rows, this method will always return at least one row–the names of the columns.

See also #execute, #query, and #execute_batch for additional ways of executing statements.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 222

def execute2( sql, *bind_vars )
  prepare( sql ) do |stmt|
    result = stmt.execute( *bind_vars )
    if block_given?
      yield stmt.columns
      result.each { |row| yield row }
    else
      return result.inject( [ stmt.columns ] ) { |arr,row|
        arr << row; arr }
    end
  end
end

#execute_batch(sql, bind_vars = [], *args) ⇒ Object

Executes all SQL statements in the given string. By contrast, the other means of executing queries will only execute the first statement in the string, ignoring all subsequent statements. This will execute each one in turn. The same bind parameters, if given, will be applied to each statement.

This always returns nil, making it unsuitable for queries that return rows.

See also #execute_batch2 for additional ways of executing statements.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 246

def execute_batch( sql, bind_vars = [], *args )
  # FIXME: remove this stuff later
  unless [Array, Hash].include?(bind_vars.class)
    bind_vars = [bind_vars]
    warn(<<-eowarn) if $VERBOSE
#{caller[0]} is calling SQLite3::Database#execute_batch with bind parameters
that are not a list of a hash.  Please switch to passing bind parameters as an
array or hash. Support for this behavior will be removed in version 2.0.0.
    eowarn
  end

  # FIXME: remove this stuff later
  if bind_vars.nil? || !args.empty?
    if args.empty?
      bind_vars = []
    else
      bind_vars = [nil] + args
    end

    warn(<<-eowarn) if $VERBOSE
#{caller[0]} is calling SQLite3::Database#execute_batch with nil or multiple bind params
without using an array.  Please switch to passing bind parameters as an array.
Support for this behavior will be removed in version 2.0.0.
    eowarn
  end

  sql = sql.strip
  until sql.empty? do
    prepare( sql ) do |stmt|
      unless stmt.closed?
        # FIXME: this should probably use sqlite3's api for batch execution
        # This implementation requires stepping over the results.
        if bind_vars.length == stmt.bind_parameter_count
          stmt.bind_params(bind_vars)
        end
        stmt.step
      end
      sql = stmt.remainder.strip
    end
  end
  # FIXME: we should not return `nil` as a success return value
  nil
end

#execute_batch2(sql, &block) ⇒ Object

Executes all SQL statements in the given string. By contrast, the other means of executing queries will only execute the first statement in the string, ignoring all subsequent statements. This will execute each one in turn. Bind parameters cannot be passed to #execute_batch2.

If a query is made, all values will be returned as strings. If no query is made, an empty array will be returned.

Because all values except for ‘NULL’ are returned as strings, a block can be passed to parse the values accordingly.

See also #execute_batch for additional ways of executing statements.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 303

def execute_batch2(sql, &block)
  if block_given?
    result = exec_batch(sql, @results_as_hash)
    result.map do |val|
      yield val
    end
  else
    exec_batch(sql, @results_as_hash)
  end
end

#filename(db_name = 'main') ⇒ Object

Returns the filename for the database named db_name. db_name defaults to “main”. Main return ‘nil` or an empty string if the database is temporary or in-memory.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 165

def filename db_name = 'main'
  db_filename db_name
end

#get_first_row(sql, *bind_vars) ⇒ Object

A convenience method for obtaining the first row of a result set, and discarding all others. It is otherwise identical to #execute.

See also #get_first_value.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 357

def get_first_row( sql, *bind_vars )
  execute( sql, *bind_vars ).first
end

#get_first_value(sql, *bind_vars) ⇒ Object

A convenience method for obtaining the first value of the first row of a result set, and discarding all other values and rows. It is otherwise identical to #execute.

See also #get_first_row.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 366

def get_first_value( sql, *bind_vars )
  query( sql, bind_vars ) do |rs|
    if (row = rs.next)
      return @results_as_hash ? row[rs.columns[0]] : row[0]
    end
  end
  nil
end

#prepare(sql) ⇒ Object

Returns a Statement object representing the given SQL. This does not execute the statement; it merely prepares the statement for execution.

The Statement can then be executed using Statement#execute.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 151

def prepare sql
  stmt = SQLite3::Statement.new( self, sql )
  return stmt unless block_given?

  begin
    yield stmt
  ensure
    stmt.close unless stmt.closed?
  end
end

#query(sql, bind_vars = [], *args) ⇒ Object

This is a convenience method for creating a statement, binding parameters to it, and calling execute:

result = db.query( "select * from foo where a=?", [5])
# is the same as
result = db.prepare( "select * from foo where a=?" ).execute( 5 )

You must be sure to call close on the ResultSet instance that is returned, or you could have problems with locks on the table. If called with a block, close will be invoked implicitly when the block terminates.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 325

def query( sql, bind_vars = [], *args )

  if bind_vars.nil? || !args.empty?
    if args.empty?
      bind_vars = []
    else
      bind_vars = [bind_vars] + args
    end

    warn(<<-eowarn) if $VERBOSE
#{caller[0]} is calling SQLite3::Database#query with nil or multiple bind params
without using an array.  Please switch to passing bind parameters as an array.
Support for this will be removed in version 2.0.0.
    eowarn
  end

  result = prepare( sql ).execute( bind_vars )
  if block_given?
    begin
      yield result
    ensure
      result.close
    end
  else
    return result
  end
end

#readonly? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if the database has been open in readonly mode A helper to check before performing any operation

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 670

def readonly?
  @readonly
end

#rollback ⇒ Object

Rolls the current transaction back. If there is no current transaction, this will cause an error to be raised. This returns true, in order to allow it to be used in idioms like abort? and rollback or commit.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 663

def rollback
  execute "rollback transaction"
  true
end

#transaction(mode = :deferred) ⇒ Object

Begins a new transaction. Note that nested transactions are not allowed by SQLite, so attempting to nest a transaction will result in a runtime exception.

The mode parameter may be either :deferred (the default), :immediate, or :exclusive.

If a block is given, the database instance is yielded to it, and the transaction is committed when the block terminates. If the block raises an exception, a rollback will be performed instead. Note that if a block is given, #commit and #rollback should never be called explicitly or you’ll get an error when the block terminates.

If a block is not given, it is the caller’s responsibility to end the transaction explicitly, either by calling #commit, or by calling #rollback.



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 632

def transaction( mode = :deferred )
  execute "begin #{mode.to_s} transaction"

  if block_given?
    abort = false
    begin
      yield self
    rescue
      abort = true
      raise
    ensure
      abort and rollback or commit
    end
  end

  true
end

#translate_from_db(types, row) ⇒ Object

Translates a row of data from the database with the given types



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 721

def translate_from_db types, row
  @type_translator.call types, row
end

#translator ⇒ Object

Return the type translator employed by this database instance. Each database instance has its own type translator; this allows for different type handlers to be installed in each instance without affecting other instances. Furthermore, the translators are instantiated lazily, so that if a database does not use type translation, it will not be burdened by the overhead of a useless type translator. (See the Translator class.)



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# File 'lib/sqlite3-1.5.3-arm64-darwin/lib/sqlite3/database.rb', line 134

def translator
  @translator ||= Translator.new
end