Class: Vector

Inherits:
Object
  • Object
show all
Extended by:
Matrix::ConversionHelper
Includes:
Enumerable, ExceptionForMatrix, Matrix::CoercionHelper
Defined in:
lib/matrix.rb

Overview

The Vector class represents a mathematical vector, which is useful in its own right, and also constitutes a row or column of a Matrix.

Method Catalogue

To create a Vector:

  • Vector.[](*array)

  • Vector.elements(array, copy = true)

  • Vector.basis(size: n, index: k)

  • Vector.zero(n)

To access elements:

  • #[](i)

To set elements:

  • #[]=(i, v)

To enumerate the elements:

  • #each2(v)

  • #collect2(v)

Properties of vectors:

  • #angle_with(v)

  • Vector.independent?(*vs)

  • #independent?(*vs)

  • #zero?

Vector arithmetic:

  • #*(x) “is matrix or number”

  • #+(v)

  • #-(v)

  • #/(v)

  • #+@

  • #-@

Vector functions:

  • #inner_product(v), #dot(v)

  • #cross_product(v), #cross(v)

  • #collect

  • #collect!

  • #magnitude

  • #map

  • #map!

  • #map2(v)

  • #norm

  • #normalize

  • #r

  • #round

  • #size

Conversion to other data types:

  • #covector

  • #to_a

  • #coerce(other)

String representations:

  • #to_s

  • #inspect

Defined Under Namespace

Classes: ZeroVectorError

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Methods included from Matrix::CoercionHelper

check_int, check_range, coerce_to, coerce_to_int, coerce_to_matrix

Constructor Details

#initialize(array) ⇒ Vector

Vector.new is private; use Vector[] or Vector.elements to create.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2020

def initialize(array)
  # No checking is done at this point.
  @elements = array
end

Class Method Details

.[](*array) ⇒ Object

Creates a Vector from a list of elements.

Vector[7, 4, ...]



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 1981

def Vector.[](*array)
  new convert_to_array(array, false)
end

.basis(size:, index:) ⇒ Object

Returns a standard basis n-vector, where k is the index.

Vector.basis(size:, index:) # => Vector[0, 1, 0]

Raises:

  • (ArgumentError) 


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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 1998

def Vector.basis(size:, index:)
  raise ArgumentError, "invalid size (#{size} for 1..)" if size < 1
  raise ArgumentError, "invalid index (#{index} for 0...#{size})" unless 0 <= index && index < size
  array = Array.new(size, 0)
  array[index] = 1
  new convert_to_array(array, false)
end

.elements(array, copy = true) ⇒ Object

Creates a vector from an Array. The optional second argument specifies whether the array itself or a copy is used internally.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 1989

def Vector.elements(array, copy = true)
  new convert_to_array(array, copy)
end

.independent?(*vs) ⇒ Boolean

Returns whether all of vectors are linearly independent.

Vector.independent?(Vector[1,0], Vector[0,1])
#  => true

Vector.independent?(Vector[1,2], Vector[2,4])
#  => false

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2145

def Vector.independent?(*vs)
  vs.each do |v|
    raise TypeError, "expected Vector, got #{v.class}" unless v.is_a?(Vector)
    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless v.size == vs.first.size
  end
  return false if vs.count > vs.first.size
  Matrix[*vs].rank.eql?(vs.count)
end

.zero(size) ⇒ Object

Return a zero vector.

Vector.zero(3) # => Vector[0, 0, 0]

Raises:

  • (ArgumentError) 


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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2011

def Vector.zero(size)
  raise ArgumentError, "invalid size (#{size} for 0..)" if size < 0
  array = Array.new(size, 0)
  new convert_to_array(array, false)
end

Instance Method Details

#*(x) ⇒ Object

Multiplies the vector by x, where x is a number or a matrix.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2222

def *(x)
  case x
  when Numeric
    els = @elements.collect{|e| e * x}
    self.class.elements(els, false)
  when Matrix
    Matrix.column_vector(self) * x
  when Vector
    raise ErrOperationNotDefined, ["*", self.class, x.class]
  else
    apply_through_coercion(x, __method__)
  end
end

#+(v) ⇒ Object

Vector addition.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2239

def +(v)
  case v
  when Vector
    raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
    els = collect2(v) {|v1, v2|
      v1 + v2
    }
    self.class.elements(els, false)
  when Matrix
    Matrix.column_vector(self) + v
  else
    apply_through_coercion(v, __method__)
  end
end

#+@ ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2287

def +@
  self
end

#-(v) ⇒ Object

Vector subtraction.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2257

def -(v)
  case v
  when Vector
    raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
    els = collect2(v) {|v1, v2|
      v1 - v2
    }
    self.class.elements(els, false)
  when Matrix
    Matrix.column_vector(self) - v
  else
    apply_through_coercion(v, __method__)
  end
end

#-@ ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2291

def -@
  collect {|e| -e }
end

#/(x) ⇒ Object

Vector division.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2275

def /(x)
  case x
  when Numeric
    els = @elements.collect{|e| e / x}
    self.class.elements(els, false)
  when Matrix, Vector
    raise ErrOperationNotDefined, ["/", self.class, x.class]
  else
    apply_through_coercion(x, __method__)
  end
end

#==(other) ⇒ Object

Returns whether the two vectors have the same elements in the same order.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2198

def ==(other)
  return false unless Vector === other
  @elements == other.elements
end

#[](i) ⇒ Object Also known as: element, component

:call-seq:

vector[range]
vector[integer]

Returns element or elements of the vector.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2034

def [](i)
  @elements[i]
end

#[]=(i, v) ⇒ Object Also known as: set_element, set_component

:call-seq:

vector[range] = new_vector
vector[range] = row_matrix
vector[range] = new_element
vector[integer] = new_element

Set element or elements of vector.

Raises:

  • (FrozenError) 


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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2049

def []=(i, v)
  raise FrozenError, "can't modify frozen Vector" if frozen?
  if i.is_a?(Range)
    range = Matrix::CoercionHelper.check_range(i, size, :vector)
    set_range(range, v)
  else
    index = Matrix::CoercionHelper.check_int(i, size, :index)
    set_value(index, v)
  end
end

#angle_with(v) ⇒ Object

Returns an angle with another vector. Result is within the [0..Math::PI].

Vector[1,0].angle_with(Vector[0,1])
# => Math::PI / 2

Raises:

  • (TypeError) 


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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2407

def angle_with(v)
  raise TypeError, "Expected a Vector, got a #{v.class}" unless v.is_a?(Vector)
  raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
  prod = magnitude * v.magnitude
  raise ZeroVectorError, "Can't get angle of zero vector" if prod == 0
  dot = inner_product(v)
  if dot.abs >= prod
    dot.positive? ? 0 : Math::PI
  else
    Math.acos(dot / prod)
  end
end

#coerce(other) ⇒ Object

The coerce method provides support for Ruby type coercion. This coercion mechanism is used by Ruby to handle mixed-type numeric operations: it is intended to find a compatible common type between the two operands of the operator. See also Numeric#coerce.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2467

def coerce(other)
  case other
  when Numeric
    return Matrix::Scalar.new(other), self
  else
    raise TypeError, "#{self.class} can't be coerced into #{other.class}"
  end
end

#collect(&block) ⇒ Object Also known as: map

Like Array#collect.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2351

def collect(&block) # :yield: e
  return to_enum(:collect) unless block_given?
  els = @elements.collect(&block)
  self.class.elements(els, false)
end

#collect!(&block) ⇒ Object Also known as: map!

Like Array#collect!

Raises:

  • (FrozenError) 


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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2361

def collect!(&block)
  return to_enum(:collect!) unless block_given?
  raise FrozenError, "can't modify frozen Vector" if frozen?
  @elements.collect!(&block)
  self
end

#collect2(v) ⇒ Object

Collects (as in Enumerable#collect) over the elements of this vector and v in conjunction.

Raises:

  • (TypeError) 


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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2123

def collect2(v) # :yield: e1, e2
  raise TypeError, "Integer is not like Vector" if v.kind_of?(Integer)
  raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
  return to_enum(:collect2, v) unless block_given?
  Array.new(size) do |i|
    yield @elements[i], v[i]
  end
end

#covector ⇒ Object

Creates a single-row matrix from this vector.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2427

def covector
  Matrix.row_vector(self)
end

#cross_product(*vs) ⇒ Object Also known as: cross

Returns the cross product of this vector with the others.

Vector[1, 0, 0].cross_product Vector[0, 1, 0]  # => Vector[0, 0, 1]

It is generalized to other dimensions to return a vector perpendicular to the arguments.

Vector[1, 2].cross_product # => Vector[-2, 1]
Vector[1, 0, 0, 0].cross_product(
   Vector[0, 1, 0, 0],
   Vector[0, 0, 1, 0]
)  #=> Vector[0, 0, 0, 1]

Raises:



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2326

def cross_product(*vs)
  raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "cross product is not defined on vectors of dimension #{size}" unless size >= 2
  raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (#{vs.size} for #{size - 2})" unless vs.size == size - 2
  vs.each do |v|
    raise TypeError, "expected Vector, got #{v.class}" unless v.is_a? Vector
    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless v.size == size
  end
  case size
  when 2
    Vector[-@elements[1], @elements[0]]
  when 3
    v = vs[0]
    Vector[ v[2]*@elements[1] - v[1]*@elements[2],
      v[0]*@elements[2] - v[2]*@elements[0],
      v[1]*@elements[0] - v[0]*@elements[1] ]
  else
    rows = self, *vs, Array.new(size) {|i| Vector.basis(size: size, index: i) }
    Matrix.rows(rows).laplace_expansion(row: size - 1)
  end
end

#each(&block) ⇒ Object

Iterate over the elements of this vector



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2100

def each(&block)
  return to_enum(:each) unless block_given?
  @elements.each(&block)
  self
end

#each2(v) ⇒ Object

Iterate over the elements of this vector and v in conjunction.

Raises:

  • (TypeError) 


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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2109

def each2(v) # :yield: e1, e2
  raise TypeError, "Integer is not like Vector" if v.kind_of?(Integer)
  raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
  return to_enum(:each2, v) unless block_given?
  size.times do |i|
    yield @elements[i], v[i]
  end
  self
end

#elements_to_f ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2445

def elements_to_f
  warn "Vector#elements_to_f is deprecated", uplevel: 1
  map(&:to_f)
end

#elements_to_i ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2450

def elements_to_i
  warn "Vector#elements_to_i is deprecated", uplevel: 1
  map(&:to_i)
end

#elements_to_r ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2455

def elements_to_r
  warn "Vector#elements_to_r is deprecated", uplevel: 1
  map(&:to_r)
end

#eql?(other) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2203

def eql?(other)
  return false unless Vector === other
  @elements.eql? other.elements
end

#freeze ⇒ Object

Makes the matrix frozen and Ractor-shareable



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2177

def freeze
  @elements.freeze
  super
end

#hash ⇒ Object

Returns a hash-code for the vector.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2211

def hash
  @elements.hash
end

#independent?(*vs) ⇒ Boolean

Returns whether all of vectors are linearly independent.

Vector[1,0].independent?(Vector[0,1])
# => true

Vector[1,2].independent?(Vector[2,4])
# => false

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2163

def independent?(*vs)
  self.class.independent?(self, *vs)
end

#inner_product(v) ⇒ Object Also known as: dot

Returns the inner product of this vector with the other.

Vector[4,7].inner_product Vector[10,1] # => 47

Raises:



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2303

def inner_product(v)
  raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size

  p = 0
  each2(v) {|v1, v2|
    p += v1 * v2.conj
  }
  p
end

#inspect ⇒ Object

Overrides Object#inspect



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2490

def inspect
  "Vector" + @elements.inspect
end

#magnitude ⇒ Object Also known as: r, norm

Returns the modulus (Pythagorean distance) of the vector.

Vector[5,8,2].r # => 9.643650761



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2373

def magnitude
  Math.sqrt(@elements.inject(0) {|v, e| v + e.abs2})
end

#map2(v, &block) ⇒ Object

Like Vector#collect2, but returns a Vector instead of an Array.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2382

def map2(v, &block) # :yield: e1, e2
  return to_enum(:map2, v) unless block_given?
  els = collect2(v, &block)
  self.class.elements(els, false)
end

#normalize ⇒ Object

Returns a new vector with the same direction but with norm 1.

v = Vector[5,8,2].normalize
# => Vector[0.5184758473652127, 0.8295613557843402, 0.20739033894608505]
v.norm # => 1.0

Raises:



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2396

def normalize
  n = magnitude
  raise ZeroVectorError, "Zero vectors can not be normalized" if n == 0
  self / n
end

#round(ndigits = 0) ⇒ Object

Returns a vector with entries rounded to the given precision (see Float#round)



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2082

def round(ndigits=0)
  map{|e| e.round(ndigits)}
end

#size ⇒ Object

Returns the number of elements in the vector.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2089

def size
  @elements.size
end

#to_a ⇒ Object

Returns the elements of the vector in an array.



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2434

def to_a
  @elements.dup
end

#to_matrix ⇒ Object

Return a single-column matrix from this vector



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2441

def to_matrix
  Matrix.column_vector(self)
end

#to_s ⇒ Object

Overrides Object#to_s



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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2483

def to_s
  "Vector[" + @elements.join(", ") + "]"
end

#zero? ⇒ Boolean

Returns whether all elements are zero.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/matrix.rb', line 2170

def zero?
  all?(&:zero?)
end