Class: Mechanize

Inherits:
Object
  • Object
show all
Defined in:
lib/mechanize.rb,
lib/mechanize/cookie.rb,
lib/mechanize/version.rb,
lib/mechanize/cookie_jar.rb

Overview

The Mechanize library is used for automating interactions with a website. It can follow links and submit forms. Form fields can be populated and submitted. A history of URLs is maintained and can be queried.

Example

require 'mechanize'
require 'logger'

agent = Mechanize.new
agent.log = Logger.new "mech.log"
agent.user_agent_alias = 'Mac Safari'

page = agent.get "http://www.google.com/"
search_form = page.form_with :name => "f"
search_form.field_with(:name => "q").value = "Hello"

search_results = agent.submit search_form
puts search_results.body

Issues with mechanize

If you think you have a bug with mechanize, but aren’t sure, please file a ticket at github.com/sparklemotion/mechanize/issues

Here are some common problems you may experience with mechanize

Problems connecting to SSL sites

Mechanize defaults to validating SSL certificates using the default CA certificates for your platform. At this time, Windows users do not have integration between the OS default CA certificates and OpenSSL. #cert_store explains how to download and use Mozilla’s CA certificates to allow SSL sites to work.

Problems with content-length

Some sites return an incorrect content-length value. Unlike a browser, mechanize raises an error when the content-length header does not match the response length since it does not know if there was a connection problem or if the mismatch is a server bug.

The error raised, Mechanize::ResponseReadError, can be converted to a parsed Page, File, etc. depending upon the content-type:

agent = Mechanize.new
uri = URI 'http://example/invalid_content_length'

begin
  page = agent.get uri
rescue Mechanize::ResponseReadError => e
  page = e.force_parse
end

Defined Under Namespace

Modules: CookieCMethods, CookieDeprecated, CookieIMethods, CookieJarIMethods, ElementMatcher, Parser, Prependable Classes: ChunkedTerminationError, ContentTypeError, Cookie, CookieJar, DirectorySaver, Download, ElementNotFoundError, Error, File, FileConnection, FileRequest, FileResponse, FileSaver, Form, HTTP, Headers, History, Image, Page, PluggableParser, RedirectLimitReachedError, RedirectNotGetOrHeadError, ResponseCodeError, ResponseReadError, RobotsDisallowedError, TestCase, UnauthorizedError, UnsupportedSchemeError, Util, XmlFile

Constant Summary collapse

AGENT_ALIASES =

Supported User-Agent aliases for use with user_agent_alias=. The description in parenthesis is for informative purposes and is not part of the alias name.

The default User-Agent alias:

  • “Mechanize”

Linux User-Agent aliases:

  • “Linux Firefox”

  • “Linux Konqueror”

  • “Linux Mozilla”

Mac User-Agent aliases:

  • “Mac Firefox”

  • “Mac Mozilla”

  • “Mac Safari 4”

  • “Mac Safari”

Windows User-Agent aliases:

  • “Windows Edge”

  • “Windows Firefox”

  • “Windows IE 6”

  • “Windows IE 7”

  • “Windows IE 8”

  • “Windows IE 9”

  • “Windows IE 10”

  • “Windows IE 11”

  • “Windows Mozilla”

Mobile User-Agent aliases:

  • “Android”

  • “iPad”

  • “iPhone”

Example:

agent = Mechanize.new
agent.user_agent_alias = 'Mac Safari'

{
  # TODO: use output from examples/latest_user_agents.rb as the underling data structure
  'Mechanize' => "Mechanize/#{VERSION} Ruby/#{ruby_version} (http://github.com/sparklemotion/mechanize/)",

  'Linux Firefox' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:112.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/112.0',
  'Linux Konqueror' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Konqueror/3; Linux)',
  'Linux Mozilla' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.4) Gecko/20030624',

  'Mac Firefox' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 13.3; rv:112.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/112.0',
  'Mac Mozilla' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X Mach-O; en-US; rv:1.4a) Gecko/20030401',
  'Mac Safari 4' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_2; de-at) AppleWebKit/531.21.8 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0.4 Safari/531.21.10',
  'Mac Safari' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 13_3_1) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/16.4 Safari/605.1.15',

  'Windows Chrome' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/112.0.0.0 Safari/537.36',
  'Windows Edge' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/112.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/112.0.1722.46',
  'Windows Firefox' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:112.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/112.0',
  'Windows IE 6' => 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)',
  'Windows IE 7' => 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)',
  'Windows IE 8' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)',
  'Windows IE 9' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0)',
  'Windows IE 10' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.2; WOW64; Trident/6.0)',
  'Windows IE 11' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko',
  'Windows Mozilla' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.4b) Gecko/20030516 Mozilla Firebird/0.6',

  'Android' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/112.0.5615.48 Mobile Safari/537.36',
  'iPad' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 16_4_1 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/16.4 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1',
  'iPhone' => 'Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 16_4_1 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/16.4 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1',
}
VERSION = 
"2.9.1"

Class Attribute Summary collapse

Instance Attribute Summary collapse

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Constructor Details

#initialize(connection_name = 'mechanize') {|_self| ... } ⇒ Mechanize

Creates a new mechanize instance. If a block is given, the created instance is yielded to the block for setting up pre-connection state such as SSL parameters or proxies:

agent = Mechanize.new do |a|
  a.proxy_addr = 'proxy.example'
  a.proxy_port = 8080
end

If you need segregated SSL connections give each agent a unique name. Otherwise the connections will be shared. This is particularly important if you are using certifcates.

agent_1 = Mechanize.new 'conn1'
agent_2 = Mechanize.new 'conn2'

Yields:

  • (_self)

Yield Parameters:

  • _self (Mechanize) —

    the object that the method was called on



210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 210

def initialize(connection_name = 'mechanize')
  @agent = Mechanize::HTTP::Agent.new(connection_name)
  @agent.context = self
  @log = nil

  # attr_accessors
  @agent.user_agent = AGENT_ALIASES['Mechanize']
  @watch_for_set    = nil
  @history_added    = nil

  # attr_readers
  @pluggable_parser = PluggableParser.new

  @keep_alive_time  = 0

  # Proxy
  @proxy_addr = nil
  @proxy_port = nil
  @proxy_user = nil
  @proxy_pass = nil

  @html_parser = self.class.html_parser

  @default_encoding = nil
  @force_default_encoding = false

  # defaults
  @agent.max_history = 50

  yield self if block_given?

  @agent.set_proxy @proxy_addr, @proxy_port, @proxy_user, @proxy_pass
end

Class Attribute Details

.html_parser ⇒ Object

Default HTML parser for all mechanize instances

Mechanize.html_parser = Nokogiri::XML



643
644
645
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 643

def html_parser
  @html_parser
end

.log ⇒ Object

Default logger for all mechanize instances

Mechanize.log = Logger.new $stderr



650
651
652
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 650

def log
  @log
end

Instance Attribute Details

#agent ⇒ Object (readonly)

:section: Utilities



1254
1255
1256
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1254

def agent
  @agent
end

#default_encoding ⇒ Object

A default encoding name used when parsing HTML parsing. When set it is used after any other encoding. The default is nil.



658
659
660
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 658

def default_encoding
  @default_encoding
end

#force_default_encoding ⇒ Object

Overrides the encodings given by the HTTP server and the HTML page with the default_encoding when set to true.



664
665
666
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 664

def force_default_encoding
  @force_default_encoding
end

#history_added ⇒ Object

Callback which is invoked with the page that was added to history.



325
326
327
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 325

def history_added
  @history_added
end

#html_parser ⇒ Object

The HTML parser to be used when parsing documents



669
670
671
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 669

def html_parser
  @html_parser
end

#keep_alive_time ⇒ Object

HTTP/1.0 keep-alive time. This is no longer supported by mechanize as it now uses net-http-persistent which only supports HTTP/1.1 persistent connections



676
677
678
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 676

def keep_alive_time
  @keep_alive_time
end

#pluggable_parser ⇒ Object (readonly)

The pluggable parser maps a response Content-Type to a parser class. The registered Content-Type may be either a full content type like ‘image/png’ or a media type ‘text’. See Mechanize::PluggableParser for further details.

Example:

agent.pluggable_parser['application/octet-stream'] = Mechanize::Download



688
689
690
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 688

def pluggable_parser
  @pluggable_parser
end

#proxy_addr ⇒ Object (readonly)

The HTTP proxy address



693
694
695
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 693

def proxy_addr
  @proxy_addr
end

#proxy_pass ⇒ Object (readonly)

The HTTP proxy password



698
699
700
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 698

def proxy_pass
  @proxy_pass
end

#proxy_port ⇒ Object (readonly)

The HTTP proxy port



703
704
705
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 703

def proxy_port
  @proxy_port
end

#proxy_user ⇒ Object (readonly)

The HTTP proxy username



708
709
710
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 708

def proxy_user
  @proxy_user
end

#watch_for_set ⇒ Object

The value of watch_for_set is passed to pluggable parsers for retrieved content



1093
1094
1095
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1093

def watch_for_set
  @watch_for_set
end

Class Method Details

.inherited(child) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



169
170
171
172
173
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 169

def self.inherited(child) # :nodoc:
  child.html_parser = html_parser
  child.log = log
  super
end

.start ⇒ Object

Creates a new Mechanize instance and yields it to the given block.

After the block executes, the instance is cleaned up. This includes closing all open connections.

Mechanize.start do |m|
  m.get("http://example.com")
end



185
186
187
188
189
190
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 185

def self.start
  instance = new
  yield(instance)
ensure
  instance.shutdown
end

Instance Method Details

#add_auth(uri, user, password, realm = nil, domain = nil) ⇒ Object

Adds credentials user, pass for uri. If realm is set the credentials are used only for that realm. If realm is not set the credentials become the default for any realm on that URI.

domain and realm are exclusive as NTLM does not follow RFC 2617. If domain is given it is only used for NTLM authentication.



743
744
745
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 743

def add_auth uri, user, password, realm = nil, domain = nil
  @agent.add_auth uri, user, password, realm, domain
end

#auth(user, password, domain = nil) ⇒ Object Also known as: basic_auth

NOTE: These credentials will be used as a default for any challenge exposing your password to disclosure to malicious servers. Use of this method will warn. This method is deprecated and will be removed in mechanize 3.

Sets the user and password as the default credentials to be used for HTTP authentication for any server. The domain is used for NTLM authentication.



720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 720

def auth user, password, domain = nil
  caller.first =~ /(.*?):(\d+).*?$/

  warn <<-WARNING
At #{$1} line #{$2}

Use of #auth and #basic_auth are deprecated due to a security vulnerability.

  WARNING

  @agent.add_default_auth user, password, domain
end

#back ⇒ Object

Equivalent to the browser back button. Returns the previous page visited.



251
252
253
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 251

def back
  @agent.history.pop
end

#ca_file ⇒ Object

Path to an OpenSSL server certificate file



1103
1104
1105
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1103

def ca_file
  @agent.ca_file
end

#ca_file=(ca_file) ⇒ Object

Sets the certificate file used for SSL connections



1110
1111
1112
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1110

def ca_file= ca_file
  @agent.ca_file = ca_file
end

#cert ⇒ Object

An OpenSSL client certificate or the path to a certificate file.



1117
1118
1119
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1117

def cert
  @agent.certificate
end

#cert=(cert) ⇒ Object

Sets the OpenSSL client certificate cert to the given path or certificate instance



1125
1126
1127
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1125

def cert= cert
  @agent.certificate = cert
end

#cert_store ⇒ Object

An OpenSSL certificate store for verifying server certificates. This defaults to the default certificate store for your system.

If your system does not ship with a default set of certificates you can retrieve a copy of the set from Mozilla here: curl.haxx.se/docs/caextract.html

(Note that this set does not have an HTTPS download option so you may wish to use the firefox-db2pem.sh script to extract the certificates from a local install to avoid man-in-the-middle attacks.)

After downloading or generating a cacert.pem from the above link you can create a certificate store from the pem file like this:

cert_store = OpenSSL::X509::Store.new
cert_store.add_file 'cacert.pem'

And have mechanize use it with:

agent.cert_store = cert_store



1151
1152
1153
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1151

def cert_store
  @agent.cert_store
end

#cert_store=(cert_store) ⇒ Object

Sets the OpenSSL certificate store to store.

See also #cert_store



1160
1161
1162
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1160

def cert_store= cert_store
  @agent.cert_store = cert_store
end

#certificate ⇒ Object

What is this?

Why is it different from #cert?



1169
1170
1171
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1169

def certificate # :nodoc:
  @agent.certificate
end

#click(link) ⇒ Object

If the parameter is a string, finds the button or link with the value of the string on the current page and clicks it. Otherwise, clicks the Mechanize::Page::Link object passed in. Returns the page fetched.



352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 352

def click link
  case link
  when Page::Link then
    referer = link.page || current_page()
    if @agent.robots
      if (referer.is_a?(Page) and referer.parser.nofollow?) or
         link.rel?('nofollow') then
        raise RobotsDisallowedError.new(link.href)
      end
    end
    if link.noreferrer?
      href = @agent.resolve(link.href, link.page || current_page)
      referer = Page.new
    else
      href = link.href
    end
    get href, [], referer
  when String, Regexp then
    if real_link = page.link_with(:text => link)
      click real_link
    else
      button = nil
      # Note that this will not work if we have since navigated to a different page.
      # Should rather make each button aware of its parent form.
      form = page.forms.find do |f|
        button = f.button_with(:value => link)
        button.is_a? Form::Submit
      end
      submit form, button if form
    end
  when Form::Submit, Form::ImageButton then
    # Note that this will not work if we have since navigated to a different page.
    # Should rather make each button aware of its parent form.
    form = page.forms.find do |f|
      f.buttons.include?(link)
    end
    submit form, link if form
  else
    referer = current_page()
    href = link.respond_to?(:href) ? link.href :
      (link['href'] || link['src'])
    get href, [], referer
  end
end

#conditional_requests ⇒ Object

Are If-Modified-Since conditional requests enabled?



750
751
752
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 750

def conditional_requests
  @agent.conditional_requests
end

#conditional_requests=(enabled) ⇒ Object

Disables If-Modified-Since conditional requests (enabled by default)



757
758
759
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 757

def conditional_requests= enabled
  @agent.conditional_requests = enabled
end

#content_encoding_hooks ⇒ Object

A list of hooks to call before reading response header ‘content-encoding’.

The hook is called with the agent making the request, the URI of the request, the response an IO containing the response body.



318
319
320
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 318

def content_encoding_hooks
  @agent.content_encoding_hooks
end

#cookie_jar ⇒ Object

A Mechanize::CookieJar which stores cookies



764
765
766
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 764

def cookie_jar
  @agent.cookie_jar
end

#cookie_jar=(cookie_jar) ⇒ Object

Replaces the cookie jar with cookie_jar



771
772
773
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 771

def cookie_jar= cookie_jar
  @agent.cookie_jar = cookie_jar
end

#cookies ⇒ Object

Returns a list of cookies stored in the cookie jar.



778
779
780
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 778

def cookies
  @agent.cookie_jar.to_a
end

#current_page ⇒ Object Also known as: page

Returns the latest page loaded by Mechanize



258
259
260
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 258

def current_page
  @agent.current_page
end

#delete(uri, query_params = {}, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

DELETE uri with query_params, and setting headers:

query_params is formatted into a query string using Mechanize::Util.build_query_string, which see.

delete('http://example/', {'q' => 'foo'}, {})



446
447
448
449
450
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 446

def delete(uri, query_params = {}, headers = {})
  page = @agent.fetch(uri, :delete, headers, query_params)
  add_to_history(page)
  page
end

#download(uri, io_or_filename, parameters = [], referer = nil, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

GETs uri and writes it to io_or_filename without recording the request in the history. If io_or_filename does not respond to #write it will be used as a file name. parameters, referer and headers are used as in #get.

By default, if the Content-type of the response matches a Mechanize::File or Mechanize::Page parser, the response body will be loaded into memory before being saved. See #pluggable_parser for details on changing this default.

For alternate ways of downloading files see Mechanize::FileSaver and Mechanize::DirectorySaver.



411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 411

def download uri, io_or_filename, parameters = [], referer = nil, headers = {}
  page = transact do
    get uri, parameters, referer, headers
  end

  io = if io_or_filename.respond_to? :write then
         io_or_filename
       else
         ::File.open(io_or_filename, 'wb')
       end

  case page
  when Mechanize::File then
    io.write page.body
  else
    body_io = page.body_io

    until body_io.eof? do
      io.write body_io.read 16384
    end
  end

  page
ensure
  io.close if io and not io_or_filename.respond_to? :write
end

#follow_meta_refresh ⇒ Object

Follow HTML meta refresh and HTTP Refresh headers. If set to :anywhere meta refresh tags outside of the head element will be followed.



786
787
788
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 786

def follow_meta_refresh
  @agent.follow_meta_refresh
end

#follow_meta_refresh=(follow) ⇒ Object

Controls following of HTML meta refresh and HTTP Refresh headers in responses.



794
795
796
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 794

def follow_meta_refresh= follow
  @agent.follow_meta_refresh = follow
end

#follow_meta_refresh_self ⇒ Object

Follow an HTML meta refresh and HTTP Refresh headers that have no “url=” in the content attribute.

Defaults to false to prevent infinite refresh loops.



804
805
806
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 804

def follow_meta_refresh_self
  @agent.follow_meta_refresh_self
end

#follow_meta_refresh_self=(follow) ⇒ Object

Alters the following of HTML meta refresh and HTTP Refresh headers that point to the same page.



812
813
814
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 812

def follow_meta_refresh_self= follow
  @agent.follow_meta_refresh_self = follow
end

#get(uri, parameters = [], referer = nil, headers = {}) {|page| ... } ⇒ Object

GET the uri with the given request parameters, referer and headers.

The referer may be a URI or a page.

parameters is formatted into a query string using Mechanize::Util.build_query_string, which see.

Yields:



461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 461

def get(uri, parameters = [], referer = nil, headers = {})
  method = :get

  referer ||=
    if uri.to_s =~ %r{\Ahttps?://}
      Page.new
    else
      current_page || Page.new
    end

  # FIXME: Huge hack so that using a URI as a referer works.  I need to
  # refactor everything to pass around URIs but still support
  # Mechanize::Page#base
  unless Mechanize::Parser === referer then
    referer = if referer.is_a?(String) then
                Page.new URI(referer)
              else
                Page.new referer
              end
  end

  # fetch the page
  headers ||= {}
  page = @agent.fetch uri, method, headers, parameters, referer
  add_to_history(page)
  yield page if block_given?
  page
end

#get_file(url) ⇒ Object

GET url and return only its contents



493
494
495
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 493

def get_file(url)
  get(url).body
end

#gzip_enabled ⇒ Object

Is gzip compression of responses enabled?



819
820
821
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 819

def gzip_enabled
  @agent.gzip_enabled
end

#gzip_enabled=(enabled) ⇒ Object

Disables HTTP/1.1 gzip compression (enabled by default)



826
827
828
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 826

def gzip_enabled=enabled
  @agent.gzip_enabled = enabled
end

#head(uri, query_params = {}, headers = {}) {|page| ... } ⇒ Object

HEAD uri with query_params and headers:

query_params is formatted into a query string using Mechanize::Util.build_query_string, which see.

head('http://example/', {'q' => 'foo'}, {})

Yields:



505
506
507
508
509
510
511
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 505

def head(uri, query_params = {}, headers = {})
  page = @agent.fetch uri, :head, headers, query_params

  yield page if block_given?

  page
end

#history ⇒ Object

The history of this mechanize run



267
268
269
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 267

def history
  @agent.history
end

#idle_timeout ⇒ Object

Connections that have not been used in this many seconds will be reset.



833
834
835
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 833

def idle_timeout
  @agent.idle_timeout
end

#idle_timeout=(idle_timeout) ⇒ Object

Sets the idle timeout to idle_timeout. The default timeout is 5 seconds. If you experience “too many connection resets”, reducing this value may help.



841
842
843
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 841

def idle_timeout= idle_timeout
  @agent.idle_timeout = idle_timeout
end

#ignore_bad_chunking ⇒ Object

When set to true mechanize will ignore an EOF during chunked transfer encoding so long as at least one byte was received. Be careful when enabling this as it may cause data loss.

Net::HTTP does not inform mechanize of where in the chunked stream the EOF occurred. Usually it is after the last-chunk but before the terminating CRLF (invalid termination) but it may occur earlier. In the second case your response body may be incomplete.



855
856
857
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 855

def ignore_bad_chunking
  @agent.ignore_bad_chunking
end

#ignore_bad_chunking=(ignore_bad_chunking) ⇒ Object

When set to true mechanize will ignore an EOF during chunked transfer encoding. See ignore_bad_chunking for further details



863
864
865
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 863

def ignore_bad_chunking= ignore_bad_chunking
  @agent.ignore_bad_chunking = ignore_bad_chunking
end

#keep_alive ⇒ Object

Are HTTP/1.1 keep-alive connections enabled?



870
871
872
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 870

def keep_alive
  @agent.keep_alive
end

#keep_alive=(enable) ⇒ Object

Disable HTTP/1.1 keep-alive connections if enable is set to false. If you are experiencing “too many connection resets” errors setting this to false will eliminate them.

You should first investigate reducing idle_timeout.



881
882
883
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 881

def keep_alive= enable
  @agent.keep_alive = enable
end

#key ⇒ Object

An OpenSSL private key or the path to a private key



1176
1177
1178
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1176

def key
  @agent.private_key
end

#key=(key) ⇒ Object

Sets the OpenSSL client key to the given path or key instance. If a path is given, the path must contain an RSA key file.



1184
1185
1186
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1184

def key= key
  @agent.private_key = key
end

#log ⇒ Object

The current logger. If no logger has been set Mechanize.log is used.



888
889
890
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 888

def log
  @log || Mechanize.log
end

#log=(logger) ⇒ Object

Sets the logger used by this instance of mechanize



895
896
897
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 895

def log= logger
  @log = logger
end

#max_file_buffer ⇒ Object

Responses larger than this will be written to a Tempfile instead of stored in memory. The default is 100,000 bytes.

A value of nil disables creation of Tempfiles.



905
906
907
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 905

def max_file_buffer
  @agent.max_file_buffer
end

#max_file_buffer=(bytes) ⇒ Object

Sets the maximum size of a response body that will be stored in memory to bytes. A value of nil causes all response bodies to be stored in memory.

Note that for Mechanize::Download subclasses, the maximum buffer size multiplied by the number of pages stored in history (controlled by #max_history) is an approximate upper limit on the amount of memory Mechanize will use. By default, Mechanize can use up to ~5MB to store response bodies for non-File and non-Page (HTML) responses.

See also the discussion under #max_history=



922
923
924
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 922

def max_file_buffer= bytes
  @agent.max_file_buffer = bytes
end

#max_history ⇒ Object

Maximum number of items allowed in the history. The default setting is 50 pages. Note that the size of the history multiplied by the maximum response body size



276
277
278
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 276

def max_history
  @agent.history.max_size
end

#max_history=(length) ⇒ Object

Sets the maximum number of items allowed in the history to length.

Setting the maximum history length to nil will make the history size unlimited. Take care when doing this, mechanize stores response bodies in memory for pages and in the temporary files directory for other responses. For a long-running mechanize program this can be quite large.

See also the discussion under #max_file_buffer=



290
291
292
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 290

def max_history= length
  @agent.history.max_size = length
end

#open_timeout ⇒ Object

Length of time to wait until a connection is opened in seconds



929
930
931
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 929

def open_timeout
  @agent.open_timeout
end

#open_timeout=(open_timeout) ⇒ Object

Sets the connection open timeout to open_timeout



936
937
938
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 936

def open_timeout= open_timeout
  @agent.open_timeout = open_timeout
end

#parse(uri, response, body) ⇒ Object

Parses the body of the response from uri using the pluggable parser that matches its content type



1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1260

def parse uri, response, body
  content_type = nil

  unless response['Content-Type'].nil?
    data, = response['Content-Type'].split ';', 2
    content_type, = data.downcase.split ',', 2 unless data.nil?
  end

  parser_klass = @pluggable_parser.parser content_type

  unless parser_klass <= Mechanize::Download then
    body = case body
           when IO, Tempfile, StringIO then
             body.read
           else
             body
           end
  end

  parser_klass.new uri, response, body, response.code do |parser|
    parser.mech = self if parser.respond_to? :mech=

    parser.watch_for_set = @watch_for_set if
      @watch_for_set and parser.respond_to?(:watch_for_set=)
  end
end

#pass ⇒ Object

OpenSSL client key password



1191
1192
1193
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1191

def pass
  @agent.pass
end

#pass=(pass) ⇒ Object

Sets the client key password to pass



1198
1199
1200
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1198

def pass= pass
  @agent.pass = pass
end

#post(uri, query = {}, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

POST to the given uri with the given query.

query is processed using Mechanize::Util.each_parameter (which see), and then encoded into an entity body. If any IO/FileUpload object is specified as a field value the “enctype” will be multipart/form-data, or application/x-www-form-urlencoded otherwise.

Examples:

agent.post 'http://example.com/', "foo" => "bar"

agent.post 'http://example.com/', [%w[foo bar]]

agent.post('http://example.com/', "<message>hello</message>",
           'Content-Type' => 'application/xml')



530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 530

def post(uri, query = {}, headers = {})
  return request_with_entity(:post, uri, query, headers) if String === query

  node = {}
  # Create a fake form
  class << node
    def search(*args); []; end
  end
  node['method'] = 'POST'
  node['enctype'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'

  form = Form.new(node)

  Mechanize::Util.each_parameter(query) { |k, v|
    if v.is_a?(IO)
      form.enctype = 'multipart/form-data'
      ul = Form::FileUpload.new({'name' => k.to_s},::File.basename(v.path))
      ul.file_data = v.read
      form.file_uploads << ul
    elsif v.is_a?(Form::FileUpload)
      form.enctype = 'multipart/form-data'
      form.file_uploads << v
    else
      form.fields << Form::Field.new({'name' => k.to_s},v)
    end
  }
  post_form(uri, form, headers)
end

#post_connect_hooks ⇒ Object

A list of hooks to call after retrieving a response. Hooks are called with the agent, the URI, the response, and the response body.



331
332
333
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 331

def post_connect_hooks
  @agent.post_connect_hooks
end

#pre_connect_hooks ⇒ Object

A list of hooks to call before retrieving a response. Hooks are called with the agent, the URI, the response, and the response body.



339
340
341
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 339

def pre_connect_hooks
  @agent.pre_connect_hooks
end

#pretty_print(q) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1287

def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
  q.object_group(self) {
    q.breakable
    q.pp cookie_jar
    q.breakable
    q.pp current_page
  }
end

#put(uri, entity, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

PUT to uri with entity, and setting headers:

put('http://example/', 'new content', {'Content-Type' => 'text/plain'})



564
565
566
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 564

def put(uri, entity, headers = {})
  request_with_entity(:put, uri, entity, headers)
end

#read_timeout ⇒ Object

Length of time to wait for data from the server



943
944
945
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 943

def read_timeout
  @agent.read_timeout
end

#read_timeout=(read_timeout) ⇒ Object

Sets the timeout for each chunk of data read from the server to read_timeout. A single request may read many chunks of data.



951
952
953
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 951

def read_timeout= read_timeout
  @agent.read_timeout = read_timeout
end

#redirect_ok ⇒ Object Also known as: follow_redirect?

Controls how mechanize deals with redirects. The following values are allowed:

:all, true

All 3xx redirects are followed (default)

:permanent

Only 301 Moved Permanantly redirects are followed

false

No redirects are followed



963
964
965
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 963

def redirect_ok
  @agent.redirect_ok
end

#redirect_ok=(follow) ⇒ Object Also known as: follow_redirect=

Sets the mechanize redirect handling policy. See redirect_ok for allowed values



973
974
975
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 973

def redirect_ok= follow
  @agent.redirect_ok = follow
end

#redirection_limit ⇒ Object

Maximum number of redirections to follow



982
983
984
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 982

def redirection_limit
  @agent.redirection_limit
end

#redirection_limit=(limit) ⇒ Object

Sets the maximum number of redirections to follow to limit



989
990
991
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 989

def redirection_limit= limit
  @agent.redirection_limit = limit
end

#request_headers ⇒ Object

A hash of custom request headers that will be sent on every request



1002
1003
1004
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1002

def request_headers
  @agent.request_headers
end

#request_headers=(request_headers) ⇒ Object

Replaces the custom request headers that will be sent on every request with request_headers



1010
1011
1012
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1010

def request_headers= request_headers
  @agent.request_headers = request_headers
end

#request_with_entity(verb, uri, entity, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Makes an HTTP request to url using HTTP method verb. entity is used as the request body, if allowed.



572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 572

def request_with_entity(verb, uri, entity, headers = {})
  cur_page = current_page || Page.new

  log.debug("query: #{ entity.inspect }") if log

  headers = {
    'Content-Type' => 'application/octet-stream',
    'Content-Length' => entity.size.to_s,
  }.update headers

  page = @agent.fetch uri, verb, headers, [entity], cur_page
  add_to_history(page)
  page
end

#reset ⇒ Object

Clears history and cookies.



1311
1312
1313
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1311

def reset
  @agent.reset
end

#resolve(link) ⇒ Object

Resolve the full path of a link / uri



995
996
997
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 995

def resolve link
  @agent.resolve link
end

#retry_change_requests ⇒ Object

Retry POST and other non-idempotent requests. See RFC 2616 9.1.2.



1017
1018
1019
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1017

def retry_change_requests
  @agent.retry_change_requests
end

#retry_change_requests=(retry_change_requests) ⇒ Object

When setting retry_change_requests to true you are stating that, for all the URLs you access with mechanize, making POST and other non-idempotent requests is safe and will not cause data duplication or other harmful results.

If you are experiencing “too many connection resets” errors you should instead investigate reducing the idle_timeout or disabling keep_alive connections.



1031
1032
1033
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1031

def retry_change_requests= retry_change_requests
  @agent.retry_change_requests = retry_change_requests
end

#robots ⇒ Object

Will /robots.txt files be obeyed?



1038
1039
1040
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1038

def robots
  @agent.robots
end

#robots=(enabled) ⇒ Object

When enabled mechanize will retrieve and obey robots.txt files



1046
1047
1048
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1046

def robots= enabled
  @agent.robots = enabled
end

#scheme_handlers ⇒ Object

The handlers for HTTP and other URI protocols.



1053
1054
1055
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1053

def scheme_handlers
  @agent.scheme_handlers
end

#scheme_handlers=(scheme_handlers) ⇒ Object

Replaces the URI scheme handler table with scheme_handlers



1060
1061
1062
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1060

def scheme_handlers= scheme_handlers
  @agent.scheme_handlers = scheme_handlers
end

#set_proxy(address, port, user = nil, password = nil) ⇒ Object

Sets the proxy address at port with an optional user and password



1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1299

def set_proxy address, port, user = nil, password = nil
  @proxy_addr = address
  @proxy_port = port
  @proxy_user = user
  @proxy_pass = password

  @agent.set_proxy address, port, user, password
end

#shutdown ⇒ Object

Shuts down this session by clearing browsing state and closing all persistent connections.



1319
1320
1321
1322
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1319

def shutdown
  reset
  @agent.shutdown
end

#ssl_version ⇒ Object

SSL version to use.



1205
1206
1207
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1205

def ssl_version
  @agent.ssl_version
end

#ssl_version=(ssl_version) ⇒ Object

Sets the SSL version to use to version without client/server negotiation.



1213
1214
1215
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1213

def ssl_version= ssl_version
  @agent.ssl_version = ssl_version
end

#submit(form, button = nil, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Submits form with an optional button.

Without a button:

page = agent.get('http://example.com')
agent.submit(page.forms.first)

With a button:

agent.submit(page.forms.first, page.forms.first.buttons.first)



599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 599

def submit(form, button = nil, headers = {})
  form.add_button_to_query(button) if button

  case form.method.upcase
  when 'POST'
    post_form(form.action, form, headers)
  when 'GET'
    get(form.action.gsub(/\?[^\?]*$/, ''),
        form.build_query,
        form.page,
        headers)
  else
    raise ArgumentError, "unsupported method: #{form.method.upcase}"
  end
end

#transact ⇒ Object

Runs given block, then resets the page history as it was before. self is given as a parameter to the block. Returns the value of the block.



619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 619

def transact
  history_backup = @agent.history.dup
  begin
    yield self
  ensure
    @agent.history = history_backup
  end
end

#user_agent ⇒ Object

The identification string for the client initiating a web request



1067
1068
1069
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1067

def user_agent
  @agent.user_agent
end

#user_agent=(user_agent) ⇒ Object

Sets the User-Agent used by mechanize to user_agent. See also user_agent_alias



1075
1076
1077
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1075

def user_agent= user_agent
  @agent.user_agent = user_agent
end

#user_agent_alias=(name) ⇒ Object

Set the user agent for the Mechanize object based on the given name.

See also AGENT_ALIASES



1084
1085
1086
1087
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1084

def user_agent_alias= name
  self.user_agent = AGENT_ALIASES[name] ||
    raise(ArgumentError, "unknown agent alias #{name.inspect}")
end

#verify_callback ⇒ Object

A callback for additional certificate verification. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#verify_callback

The callback can be used for debugging or to ignore errors by always returning true. Specifying nil uses the default method that was valid when the SSLContext was created



1225
1226
1227
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1225

def verify_callback
  @agent.verify_callback
end

#verify_callback=(verify_callback) ⇒ Object

Sets the OpenSSL certificate verification callback



1232
1233
1234
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1232

def verify_callback= verify_callback
  @agent.verify_callback = verify_callback
end

#verify_mode ⇒ Object

the OpenSSL server certificate verification method. The default is OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER and certificate verification uses the default system certificates. See also cert_store



1241
1242
1243
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1241

def verify_mode
  @agent.verify_mode
end

#verify_mode=(verify_mode) ⇒ Object

Sets the OpenSSL server certificate verification method.



1248
1249
1250
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 1248

def verify_mode= verify_mode
  @agent.verify_mode = verify_mode
end

#visited?(url) ⇒ Boolean Also known as: visited_page

Returns a visited page for the url passed in, otherwise nil

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


297
298
299
300
301
 
# File 'lib/mechanize.rb', line 297

def visited? url
  url = url.href if url.respond_to? :href

  @agent.visited_page url
end