Module: Puppet::Util

Extended by:
POSIX, SymbolicFileMode
Included in:
Puppet, Application, Application, Configurer, Confine, Interface, Network::AuthStore::Declaration, Node::Exec, Parameter, Parameter, Parser::Compiler, Parser::Functions, Parser::Resource, Parser::Resource::Param, Parser::TemplateWrapper, Provider, Provider, Resource::Catalog::Compiler, Transaction, Type, Type, ClassGen, FileParsing, FileParsing::FileRecord, InstanceLoader, Log, Log, ProviderFeatures::ProviderFeature, Reference, Storage
Defined in:
lib/puppet/util/multi_match.rb,
lib/puppet/util.rb,
lib/puppet/util/logging.rb,
lib/puppet/util/platform.rb,
lib/puppet/util/run_mode.rb,
lib/puppet/util/command_line.rb,
lib/puppet/util/execution_stub.rb,
lib/puppet/util/windows/eventlog.rb,
lib/puppet/util/constant_inflector.rb,
lib/puppet/util/symbolic_file_mode.rb,
lib/puppet/util/command_line/trollop.rb,
lib/puppet/util/command_line/puppet_option_parser.rb

Overview

MultiMatch allows multiple values to be tested at once in a case expression. This class is needed since Array does not implement the === operator to mean “each v === other.each v”.

This class is useful in situations when the Puppet Type System cannot be used (e.g. in Logging, since it needs to be able to log very early in the initialization cycle of puppet)

Typically used with the constants NOT_NIL TUPLE TRIPLE

which test against single NOT_NIL value, Array with two NOT_NIL, and Array with three NOT_NIL

Defined Under Namespace

Modules: AtFork, Backups, CharacterEncoding, Checksums, ClassGen, Colors, ConstantInflector, Diff, Docs, Errors, Execution, FileParsing, HttpProxy, IniConfig, InstanceLoader, Ldap, Libuser, Limits, Logging, MethodHelper, MonkeyPatches, NagiosMaker, POSIX, Package, Platform, Plist, Profiler, ProviderFeatures, PsychSupport, RDoc, RetryAction, RubyGems, SELinux, SSL, SUIDManager, Splayer, SymbolicFileMode, Tagging, Terminal, Warnings, Watcher, Windows, Yaml Classes: Autoload, CommandLine, ExecutionStub, Feature, FileType, FileWatcher, JsonLockfile, Lockfile, Log, Metric, ModuleDirectoriesAdapter, MultiMatch, NetworkDevice, Pidlock, Reference, ResourceTemplate, RunMode, SkipTags, Storage, TagSet, UnixRunMode, WatchedFile, WindowsRunMode

Constant Summary collapse

AbsolutePathWindows = 
%r!^(?:(?:[A-Z]:#{slash})|(?:#{slash}#{slash}#{label}#{slash}#{label})|(?:#{slash}#{slash}\?#{slash}#{label}))!io
AbsolutePathPosix = 
%r!^/!
DEFAULT_POSIX_MODE =

Replace a file, securely. This takes a block, and passes it the file handle of a file open for writing. Write the replacement content inside the block and it will safely replace the target file.

This method will make no changes to the target file until the content is successfully written and the block returns without raising an error.

As far as possible the state of the existing file, such as mode, is preserved. This works hard to avoid loss of any metadata, but will result in an inode change for the file.

Arguments: ‘filename`, `default_mode`

The filename is the file we are going to replace.

The default_mode is the mode to use when the target file doesn’t already exist; if the file is present we copy the existing mode/owner/group values across. The default_mode can be expressed as an octal integer, a numeric string (ie ‘0664’) or a symbolic file mode.

0644
DEFAULT_WINDOWS_MODE = 
nil

Constants included from POSIX

POSIX::LOCALE_ENV_VARS, POSIX::USER_ENV_VARS

Constants included from SymbolicFileMode

SymbolicFileMode::SetGIDBit, SymbolicFileMode::SetUIDBit, SymbolicFileMode::StickyBit, SymbolicFileMode::SymbolicMode, SymbolicFileMode::SymbolicSpecialToBit

Class Method Summary collapse

Methods included from POSIX

get_posix_field, gid, idfield, methodbyid, methodbyname, search_posix_field, uid

Methods included from SymbolicFileMode

normalize_symbolic_mode, symbolic_mode_to_int, valid_symbolic_mode?

Class Method Details

.absolute_path?(path, platform = nil) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 291

def absolute_path?(path, platform=nil)
  # Ruby only sets File::ALT_SEPARATOR on Windows and the Ruby standard
  # library uses that to test what platform it's on.  Normally in Puppet we
  # would use Puppet.features.microsoft_windows?, but this method needs to
  # be called during the initialization of features so it can't depend on
  # that.
  platform ||= Puppet::Util::Platform.windows? ? :windows : :posix
  regex = case platform
          when :windows
            AbsolutePathWindows
          when :posix
            AbsolutePathPosix
          else
            raise Puppet::DevError, "unknown platform #{platform} in absolute_path"
          end

  !! (path =~ regex)
end

.benchmark(*args) ⇒ Object

Raises:



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 200

def benchmark(*args)
  msg = args.pop
  level = args.pop
  object = nil

  if args.empty?
    if respond_to?(level)
      object = self
    else
      object = Puppet
    end
  else
    object = args.pop
  end

  raise Puppet::DevError, "Failed to provide level to :benchmark" unless level

  unless level == :none or object.respond_to? level
    raise Puppet::DevError, "Benchmarked object does not respond to #{level}"
  end

  # Only benchmark if our log level is high enough
  if level != :none and Puppet::Util::Log.sendlevel?(level)
    seconds = Benchmark.realtime {
      yield
    }
    #TRANSLATORS forms the end of a string indicating how long a
    # given operation took
    object.send(level, msg + (_(" in %0.2f seconds") % seconds))
    return seconds
  else
    yield
  end
end

.chuser ⇒ Object

Change the process to a different user



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 151

def self.chuser
  if group = Puppet[:group]
    begin
      Puppet::Util::SUIDManager.change_group(group, true)
    rescue => detail
      Puppet.warning _("could not change to group %{group}: %{detail}") % { group: group.inspect, detail: detail }
      $stderr.puts _("could not change to group %{group}") % { group: group.inspect }

      # Don't exit on failed group changes, since it's
      # not fatal
      #exit(74)
    end
  end

  if user = Puppet[:user]
    begin
      Puppet::Util::SUIDManager.change_user(user, true)
    rescue => detail
      $stderr.puts _("Could not change to user %{user}: %{detail}") % { user: user, detail: detail }
      exit(74)
    end
  end
end

.clear_environment(mode = default_env) ⇒ Object

This method is part of a private API. You should avoid using this method if possible, as it may be removed or be changed in the future.

Removes all environment variables

Parameters:

  • mode (Symbol) (defaults to: default_env) —

    Which operating system mode to use e.g. :posix or :windows. Use nil to autodetect



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 73

def clear_environment(mode = default_env)
  case mode
    when :posix
      ENV.clear
    when :windows
      Puppet::Util::Windows::Process.get_environment_strings.each do |key, _|
        Puppet::Util::Windows::Process.set_environment_variable(key, nil)
      end
    else
      raise _("Unable to clear the environment for mode %{mode}") % { mode: mode }
  end
end

.default_env ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 30

def default_env
  Puppet.features.microsoft_windows? ?
    :windows :
    :posix
end

.deterministic_rand(seed, max) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 684

def deterministic_rand(seed,max)
  deterministic_rand_int(seed, max).to_s
end

.deterministic_rand_int(seed, max) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 689

def deterministic_rand_int(seed,max)
  Random.new(seed).rand(max)
end

.exit_on_fail(message, code = 1) { ... } ⇒ Object

Executes a block of code, wrapped with some special exception handling. Causes the ruby interpreter to

exit if the block throws an exception.

Parameters:

  • message (String) —

    a message to log if the block fails

  • code (Integer) (defaults to: 1) —

    the exit code that the ruby interpreter should return if the block fails

Yields:



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 665

def exit_on_fail(message, code = 1)
  yield
# First, we need to check and see if we are catching a SystemExit error.  These will be raised
#  when we daemonize/fork, and they do not necessarily indicate a failure case.
rescue SystemExit => err
  raise err

# Now we need to catch *any* other kind of exception, because we may be calling third-party
#  code (e.g. webrick), and we have no idea what they might throw.
rescue Exception => err
  ## NOTE: when debugging spec failures, these two lines can be very useful
  #puts err.inspect
  #puts Puppet::Util.pretty_backtrace(err.backtrace)
  Puppet.log_exception(err, "#{message}: #{err}")
  Puppet::Util::Log.force_flushqueue()
  exit(code)
end

.get_env(name, mode = default_env) ⇒ String

This method is part of a private API. You should avoid using this method if possible, as it may be removed or be changed in the future.

Returns Value of the specified environment variable. nil if it does not exist.

Parameters:

  • name (String) —

    The name of the environment variable to retrieve

  • mode (Symbol) (defaults to: default_env) —

    Which operating system mode to use e.g. :posix or :windows. Use nil to autodetect

Returns:

  • (String) —

    Value of the specified environment variable. nil if it does not exist



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 41

def get_env(name, mode = default_env)
  if mode == :windows
    Puppet::Util::Windows::Process.get_environment_strings.each do |key, value |
      if name.casecmp(key) == 0 then
        return value
      end
    end
    return nil
  else
    ENV[name]
  end
end

.get_environment(mode = default_env) ⇒ Hash

This method is part of a private API. You should avoid using this method if possible, as it may be removed or be changed in the future.

Returns A hashtable of all environment variables.

Parameters:

  • mode (Symbol) (defaults to: default_env) —

    Which operating system mode to use e.g. :posix or :windows. Use nil to autodetect

Returns:

  • (Hash) —

    A hashtable of all environment variables



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 58

def get_environment(mode = default_env)
  case mode
    when :posix
      ENV.to_hash
    when :windows
      Puppet::Util::Windows::Process.get_environment_strings
    else
      raise _("Unable to retrieve the environment for mode %{mode}") % { mode: mode }
  end
end

.logmethods(klass, useself = true) ⇒ Object

Create instance methods for each of the log levels. This allows the messages to be a little richer. Most classes will be calling this method.



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 178

def self.logmethods(klass, useself = true)
  Puppet::Util::Log.eachlevel { |level|
    klass.send(:define_method, level, proc { |args|
      args = args.join(" ") if args.is_a?(Array)
      if useself

        Puppet::Util::Log.create(
          :level => level,
          :source => self,
          :message => args
        )
      else

        Puppet::Util::Log.create(
          :level => level,
          :message => args
        )
      end
    })
  }
end

.merge_environment(env_hash, mode = default_env) ⇒ Object

This method is part of a private API. You should avoid using this method if possible, as it may be removed or be changed in the future.

Parameters:

  • name (Hash) —

    Environment variables to merge into the existing environment. nil values will remove the variable

  • mode (Symbol) (defaults to: default_env) —

    Which operating system mode to use e.g. :posix or :windows. Use nil to autodetect



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 106

def merge_environment(env_hash, mode = default_env)
  case mode
    when :posix
      env_hash.each { |name, val| ENV[name.to_s] = val }
    when :windows
      env_hash.each do |name, val|
        Puppet::Util::Windows::Process.set_environment_variable(name.to_s, val)
      end
    else
      raise _("Unable to merge given values into the current environment for mode %{mode}") % { mode: mode }
  end
end

.path_to_uri(path) ⇒ Object

Convert a path to a file URI



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 312

def path_to_uri(path)
  return unless path

  params = { :scheme => 'file' }

  if Puppet.features.microsoft_windows?
    path = path.gsub(/\\/, '/')

    if unc = /^\/\/([^\/]+)(\/.+)/.match(path)
      params[:host] = unc[1]
      path = unc[2]
    elsif path =~ /^[a-z]:\//i
      path = '/' + path
    end
  end

  # have to split *after* any relevant escaping
  params[:path], params[:query] = uri_encode(path).split('?')
  search_for_fragment = params[:query] ? :query : :path
  if params[search_for_fragment].include?('#')
    params[search_for_fragment], _, params[:fragment] = params[search_for_fragment].rpartition('#')
  end

  begin
    URI::Generic.build(params)
  rescue => detail
    raise Puppet::Error, _("Failed to convert '%{path}' to URI: %{detail}") % { path: path, detail: detail }, detail.backtrace
  end
end

.pretty_backtrace(backtrace = caller(1)) ⇒ Object

utility method to get the current call stack and format it to a human-readable string (which some IDEs/editors will recognize as links to the line numbers in the trace)



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 521

def self.pretty_backtrace(backtrace = caller(1))
  backtrace.collect do |line|
    _, path, rest = /^(.*):(\d+.*)$/.match(line).to_a
    # If the path doesn't exist - like in one test, and like could happen in
    # the world - we should just tolerate it and carry on. --daniel 2012-09-05
    # Also, if we don't match, just include the whole line.
    if path
      path = Pathname(path).realpath rescue path
      "#{path}:#{rest}"
    else
      line
    end
  end.join("\n")
end

.replace_file(file, default_mode, &block) ⇒ Object

Raises:



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 559

def replace_file(file, default_mode, &block)
  raise Puppet::DevError, "replace_file requires a block" unless block_given?

  if default_mode
    unless valid_symbolic_mode?(default_mode)
      raise Puppet::DevError, "replace_file default_mode: #{default_mode} is invalid"
    end

    mode = symbolic_mode_to_int(normalize_symbolic_mode(default_mode))
  else
    if Puppet.features.microsoft_windows?
      mode = DEFAULT_WINDOWS_MODE
    else
      mode = DEFAULT_POSIX_MODE
    end
  end

  begin
    file     = Puppet::FileSystem.pathname(file)
    # encoding for Uniquefile is not important here because the caller writes to it as it sees fit
    tempfile = Puppet::FileSystem::Uniquefile.new(Puppet::FileSystem.basename_string(file), Puppet::FileSystem.dir_string(file))

    # Set properties of the temporary file before we write the content, because
    # Tempfile doesn't promise to be safe from reading by other people, just
    # that it avoids races around creating the file.
    #
    # Our Windows emulation is pretty limited, and so we have to carefully
    # and specifically handle the platform, which has all sorts of magic.
    # So, unlike Unix, we don't pre-prep security; we use the default "quite
    # secure" tempfile permissions instead.  Magic happens later.
    if !Puppet.features.microsoft_windows?
      # Grab the current file mode, and fall back to the defaults.
      effective_mode =
      if Puppet::FileSystem.exist?(file)
        stat = Puppet::FileSystem.lstat(file)
        tempfile.chown(stat.uid, stat.gid)
        stat.mode
      else
        mode
      end

      if effective_mode
        # We only care about the bottom four slots, which make the real mode,
        # and not the rest of the platform stat call fluff and stuff.
        tempfile.chmod(effective_mode & 07777)
      end
    end

    # OK, now allow the caller to write the content of the file.
    yield tempfile

    # Now, make sure the data (which includes the mode) is safe on disk.
    tempfile.flush
    begin
      tempfile.fsync
    rescue NotImplementedError
      # fsync may not be implemented by Ruby on all platforms, but
      # there is absolutely no recovery path if we detect that.  So, we just
      # ignore the return code.
      #
      # However, don't be fooled: that is accepting that we are running in
      # an unsafe fashion.  If you are porting to a new platform don't stub
      # that out.
    end

    tempfile.close

    if Puppet.features.microsoft_windows?
      # Windows ReplaceFile needs a file to exist, so touch handles this
      if !Puppet::FileSystem.exist?(file)
        Puppet::FileSystem.touch(file)
        if mode
          Puppet::Util::Windows::Security.set_mode(mode, Puppet::FileSystem.path_string(file))
        end
      end
      # Yes, the arguments are reversed compared to the rename in the rest
      # of the world.
      Puppet::Util::Windows::File.replace_file(FileSystem.path_string(file), tempfile.path)

    else
      File.rename(tempfile.path, Puppet::FileSystem.path_string(file))
    end
  ensure
    # in case an error occurred before we renamed the temp file, make sure it
    # gets deleted
    if tempfile
      tempfile.close!
    end
  end


  # Ideally, we would now fsync the directory as well, but Ruby doesn't
  # have support for that, and it doesn't matter /that/ much...

  # Return something true, and possibly useful.
  file
end

.safe_posix_fork(stdin = $stdin, stdout = $stdout, stderr = $stderr, &block) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 476

def safe_posix_fork(stdin=$stdin, stdout=$stdout, stderr=$stderr, &block)
  child_pid = Kernel.fork do
    $stdin.reopen(stdin)
    $stdout.reopen(stdout)
    $stderr.reopen(stderr)

    begin
      Dir.foreach('/proc/self/fd') do |f|
        if f != '.' && f != '..' && f.to_i >= 3
          IO::new(f.to_i).close rescue nil
        end
      end
    rescue Errno::ENOENT # /proc/self/fd not found
      3.upto(256){|fd| IO::new(fd).close rescue nil}
    end

    block.call if block
  end
  child_pid
end

.set_env(name, value = nil, mode = default_env) ⇒ Object

This method is part of a private API. You should avoid using this method if possible, as it may be removed or be changed in the future.

Parameters:

  • name (String) —

    The name of the environment variable to set

  • value (String) (defaults to: nil) —

    The value to set the variable to. nil deletes the environment variable

  • mode (Symbol) (defaults to: default_env) —

    Which operating system mode to use e.g. :posix or :windows. Use nil to autodetect



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 91

def set_env(name, value = nil, mode = default_env)
  case mode
    when :posix
      ENV[name] = value
    when :windows
      Puppet::Util::Windows::Process.set_environment_variable(name,value)
    else
      raise _("Unable to set the environment variable %{name} for mode %{mode}") % { name: name, mode: mode }
  end
end

.symbolizehash(hash) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 498

def symbolizehash(hash)
  newhash = {}
  hash.each do |name, val|
    name = name.intern if name.respond_to? :intern
    newhash[name] = val
  end
  newhash
end

.thinmark ⇒ Object

Just benchmark, with no logging.



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 509

def thinmark
  seconds = Benchmark.realtime {
    yield
  }

  seconds
end

.uri_encode(path, opts = { :allow_fragment => false }) ⇒ String

Percent-encodes a URI string per RFC3986 - tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986

Properly handles escaping rules for paths, query strings and fragments independently

The output is safe to pass to URI.parse or URI::Generic.build and will correctly round-trip through URI.unescape

Parameters:

  • A (String path) —

    URI string that may be in the form of:

    foo.com/bar?query file://tmp/foo bar //foo.com/bar?query /bar?query bar?query bar . C:WindowsTemp

    Note that with no specified scheme, authority or query parameter delimiter ? that a naked string will be treated as a path.

    Note that if query parameters need to contain data such as & or = that this method should not be used, as there is no way to differentiate query parameter data from query delimiters when multiple parameters are specified

  • Options (Hash{Symbol=>String} opts) —

    to alter encoding

  • opts (Hash) (defaults to: { :allow_fragment => false }) —

    a customizable set of options

Options Hash (opts):

  • :allow_fragment (Array<Symbol>) —

    defaults to false. When false will treat # as part of a path or query and not a fragment delimiter

Returns:

  • (String) —

    a new string containing appropriate portions of the URI encoded per the rules of RFC3986. In particular, path will not encode , but will encode space as %20 query will encode as %2B and space as %20 fragment behaves like query

Raises:

  • (ArgumentError) 


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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 441

def uri_encode(path, opts = { :allow_fragment => false })
  raise ArgumentError.new('path may not be nil') if path.nil?

  # ensure string starts as UTF-8 for the sake of Ruby 1.9.3
  encoded = ''.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)

  # parse uri into named matches, then reassemble properly encoded
  parts = path.match(RFC_3986_URI_REGEX)

  encoded += parts[:scheme] unless parts[:scheme].nil?
  encoded += parts[:authority] unless parts[:authority].nil?

  # path requires space to be encoded as %20 (NEVER +)
  # + should be left unencoded
  # URI::parse and URI::Generic.build don't like paths encoded with CGI.escape
  # URI.escape does not change / to %2F and : to %3A like CGI.escape
  encoded += URI.escape(parts[:path]) unless parts[:path].nil?

  # each query parameter
  if !parts[:query].nil?
    query_string = parts[:query].split('&').map do |pair|
      # can optionally be separated by an =
      pair.split('=').map do |v|
        uri_query_encode(v)
      end.join('=')
    end.join('&')
    encoded += '?' + query_string
  end

  encoded += ((opts[:allow_fragment] ? '#' : '%23') + uri_query_encode(parts[:fragment])) unless parts[:fragment].nil?

  encoded
end

.uri_query_encode(query_string) ⇒ String

Percent-encodes a URI query parameter per RFC3986 - tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986

The output will correctly round-trip through URI.unescape

Parameters:

  • A (String query_string) —

    URI query parameter that may contain reserved characters that must be percent encoded for the key or value to be properly decoded as part of a larger query string:

    query encodes as : query

    query_with_special=chars like&and * and# plus+this encodes as: query_with_special%3Dchars%20like%26and%20%2A%20and%23%20plus%2Bthis

    Note: Also usable by fragments, but not suitable for paths

Returns:

  • (String) —

    a new string containing an encoded query string per the rules of RFC3986.

    In particular, query will encode + as %2B and space as %20



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 391

def uri_query_encode(query_string)
  return nil if query_string.nil?

  # query can encode space to %20 OR +
  # + MUST be encoded as %2B
  # in RFC3968 both query and fragment are defined as:
  # = *( pchar / "/" / "?" )
  # CGI.escape turns space into + which is the most backward compatible
  # however it doesn't roundtrip through URI.unescape which prefers %20
  CGI.escape(query_string).gsub('+', '%20')
end

.uri_to_path(uri) ⇒ Object

Get the path component of a URI



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 344

def uri_to_path(uri)
  return unless uri.is_a?(URI)

  # CGI.unescape doesn't handle space rules properly in uri paths
  # URI.unescape does, but returns strings in their original encoding
  path = URI.unescape(uri.path.encode(Encoding::UTF_8))

  if Puppet.features.microsoft_windows? and uri.scheme == 'file'
    if uri.host
      path = "//#{uri.host}" + path # UNC
    else
      path.sub!(/^\//, '')
    end
  end

  path
end

.which(bin) ⇒ String

Resolve a path for an executable to the absolute path. This tries to behave in the same manner as the unix ‘which` command and uses the `PATH` environment variable.

Parameters:

  • bin (String) —

    the name of the executable to find.

Returns:

  • (String) —

    the absolute path to the found executable.



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 243

def which(bin)
  if absolute_path?(bin)
    return bin if FileTest.file? bin and FileTest.executable? bin
  else
    exts = Puppet::Util.get_env('PATHEXT')
    exts = exts ? exts.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR) : %w[.COM .EXE .BAT .CMD]
    Puppet::Util.get_env('PATH').split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).each do |dir|
      begin
        dest = File.expand_path(File.join(dir, bin))
      rescue ArgumentError => e
        # if the user's PATH contains a literal tilde (~) character and HOME is not set, we may get
        # an ArgumentError here.  Let's check to see if that is the case; if not, re-raise whatever error
        # was thrown.
        if e.to_s =~ /HOME/ and (Puppet::Util.get_env('HOME').nil? || Puppet::Util.get_env('HOME') == "")
          # if we get here they have a tilde in their PATH.  We'll issue a single warning about this and then
          # ignore this path element and carry on with our lives.
          #TRANSLATORS PATH and HOME are environment variables and should not be translated
          Puppet::Util::Warnings.warnonce(_("PATH contains a ~ character, and HOME is not set; ignoring PATH element '%{dir}'.") % { dir: dir })
        elsif e.to_s =~ /doesn't exist|can't find user/
          # ...otherwise, we just skip the non-existent entry, and do nothing.
          #TRANSLATORS PATH is an environment variable and should not be translated
          Puppet::Util::Warnings.warnonce(_("Couldn't expand PATH containing a ~ character; ignoring PATH element '%{dir}'.") % { dir: dir })
        else
          raise
        end
      else
        if Puppet.features.microsoft_windows? && File.extname(dest).empty?
          exts.each do |ext|
            destext = File.expand_path(dest + ext)
            return destext if FileTest.file? destext and FileTest.executable? destext
          end
        end
        return dest if FileTest.file? dest and FileTest.executable? dest
      end
    end
  end
  nil
end

.withenv(hash, mode = :posix) ⇒ Object

Run some code with a specific environment. Resets the environment back to what it was at the end of the code. Windows can store Unicode chars in the environment as keys or values, but Ruby’s ENV tries to roundtrip them through the local codepage, which can cause encoding problems - underlying helpers use Windows APIs on Windows see bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8822



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 126

def withenv(hash, mode = :posix)
  saved = get_environment(mode)
  merge_environment(hash, mode)
  yield
ensure
  if saved
    clear_environment(mode)
    merge_environment(saved, mode)
  end
end

.withumask(mask) ⇒ Object

Execute a given chunk of code with a new umask.



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# File 'lib/puppet/util.rb', line 139

def self.withumask(mask)
  cur = File.umask(mask)

  begin
    yield
  ensure
    File.umask(cur)
  end
end