dotenv Gem Version

Shim to load environment variables from .env into ENV in development.

Storing configuration in the environment is one of the tenets of a twelve-factor app. Anything that is likely to change between deployment environments–such as resource handles for databases or credentials for external services–should be extracted from the code into environment variables.

But it is not always practical to set environment variables on development machines or continuous integration servers where multiple projects are run. dotenv loads variables from a .env file into ENV when the environment is bootstrapped.

Installation

Add this line to the top of your application's Gemfile and run bundle install:

gem 'dotenv', groups: [:development, :test]

Usage

Add your application configuration to your .env file in the root of your project:

S3_BUCKET=YOURS3BUCKET
SECRET_KEY=YOURSECRETKEYGOESHERE

Whenever your application loads, these variables will be available in ENV:

config.fog_directory = ENV['S3_BUCKET']

See the API Docs for more.

Rails

Dotenv will automatically load when your Rails app boots. See Customizing Rails to change which files are loaded and when.

Sinatra / Ruby

Load Dotenv as early as possible in your application bootstrap process:

require 'dotenv/load'

# or
require 'dotenv'
Dotenv.load

By default, load will look for a file called .env in the current working directory. Pass in multiple files and they will be loaded in order. The first value set for a variable will win.

require 'dotenv'
Dotenv.load('file1.env', 'file2.env')

Autorestore in tests

Since 3.0, dotenv in a Rails app will automatically restore ENV after each test. This means you can modify ENV in your tests without fear of leaking state to other tests. It works with both ActiveSupport::TestCase and Rspec.

To disable this behavior, set config.dotenv.autorestore = false in config/application.rb or config/environments/test.rb. It is disabled by default if your app uses climate_control or ice_age.

To use this behavior outside of a Rails app, just require "dotenv/autorestore" in your test suite.

See Dotenv.save, Dotenv.restore, and Dotenv.modify(hash) { ... } for manual usage.

Rake

To ensure .env is loaded in rake, load the tasks:

require 'dotenv/tasks'

task mytask: :dotenv do
  # things that require .env
end

CLI

You can use the dotenv executable load .env before launching your application:

$ dotenv ./script.rb

The dotenv executable also accepts the flag -f. Its value should be a comma-separated list of configuration files, in the order of most important to least. All of the files must exist. There must be a space between the flag and its value.

$ dotenv -f ".env.local,.env" ./script.rb

The dotenv executable can optionally ignore missing files with the -i or --ignore flag. For example, if the .env.local file does not exist, the following will ignore the missing file and only load the .env file.

$ dotenv -i -f ".env.local,.env" ./script.rb

Load Order

If you use gems that require environment variables to be set before they are loaded, then list dotenv in the Gemfile before those other gems and require dotenv/load.

gem 'dotenv', require: 'dotenv/load'
gem 'gem-that-requires-env-variables'

Customizing Rails

Dotenv will load the following files depending on RAILS_ENV, with the first file having the highest precedence, and .env having the lowest precedence:

Priority Environment .gitignoreit? Notes
development test production
highest .env.development.local .env.test.local .env.production.local Yes Environment-specific local overrides
2nd .env.local N/A .env.local Yes Local overrides
3rd .env.development .env.test .env.production No Shared environment-specific variables
last .env .env .env Maybe Shared for all environments

These files are loaded during the before_configuration callback, which is fired when the Application constant is defined in config/application.rb with class Application < Rails::Application. If you need it to be initialized sooner, or need to customize the loading process, you can do so at the top of application.rb

# config/application.rb
Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)

# Load .env.local in test
Dotenv::Rails.files.unshift(".env.local") if ENV["RAILS_ENV"] == "test"

module YourApp
  class Application < Rails::Application
    # ...
  end
end

Available options:

  • Dotenv::Rails.files - list of files to be loaded, in order of precedence.
  • Dotenv::Rails.overwrite - Overwrite existing ENV variables with contents of .env* files
  • Dotenv::Rails.logger - The logger to use for dotenv's logging. Defaults to Rails.logger
  • Dotenv::Rails.autorestore - Enable or disable autorestore

Multi-line values

Multi-line values with line breaks must be surrounded with double quotes.

PRIVATE_KEY="-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
...
HkVN9...
...
-----END DSA PRIVATE KEY-----"

Prior to 3.0, dotenv would replace \n in quoted strings with a newline, but that behavior is deprecated. To use the old behavior, set DOTENV_LINEBREAK_MODE=legacy before any variables that include \n:

DOTENV_LINEBREAK_MODE=legacy
PRIVATE_KEY="-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\nHkVN9...\n-----END DSA PRIVATE KEY-----\n"

Command Substitution

You need to add the output of a command in one of your variables? Simply add it with $(your_command):

DATABASE_URL="postgres://$(whoami)@localhost/my_database"

Variable Substitution

You need to add the value of another variable in one of your variables? You can reference the variable with ${VAR} or often just $VAR in unquoted or double-quoted values.

DATABASE_URL="postgres://${USER}@localhost/my_database"

If a value contains a $ and it is not intended to be a variable, wrap it in single quotes.

PASSWORD='pas$word'

Comments

Comments may be added to your file as such:

# This is a comment
SECRET_KEY=YOURSECRETKEYGOESHERE # comment
SECRET_HASH="something-with-a-#-hash"

Exports

For compatability, you may also add export in front of each line so you can source the file in bash:

export S3_BUCKET=YOURS3BUCKET
export SECRET_KEY=YOURSECRETKEYGOESHERE

Required Keys

If a particular configuration value is required but not set, it's appropriate to raise an error.

To require configuration keys:

# config/initializers/dotenv.rb

Dotenv.require_keys("SERVICE_APP_ID", "SERVICE_KEY", "SERVICE_SECRET")

If any of the configuration keys above are not set, your application will raise an error during initialization. This method is preferred because it prevents runtime errors in a production application due to improper configuration.

Parsing

To parse a list of env files for programmatic inspection without modifying the ENV:

Dotenv.parse(".env.local", ".env")
# => {'S3_BUCKET' => 'YOURS3BUCKET', 'SECRET_KEY' => 'YOURSECRETKEYGOESHERE', ...}

This method returns a hash of the ENV var name/value pairs.

Templates

You can use the -t or --template flag on the dotenv cli to create a template of your .env file.

$ dotenv -t .env

A template will be created in your working directory named {FILENAME}.template. So in the above example, it would create a .env.template file.

The template will contain all the environment variables in your .env file but with their values set to the variable names.

# .env
S3_BUCKET=YOURS3BUCKET
SECRET_KEY=YOURSECRETKEYGOESHERE

Would become

# .env.template
S3_BUCKET=S3_BUCKET
SECRET_KEY=SECRET_KEY

Frequently Answered Questions

Can I use dotenv in production?

dotenv was originally created to load configuration variables into ENV in development. There are typically better ways to manage configuration in production environments - such as /etc/environment managed by Puppet or Chef, heroku config, etc.

However, some find dotenv to be a convenient way to configure Rails applications in staging and production environments, and you can do that by defining environment-specific files like .env.production or .env.test.

If you use this gem to handle env vars for multiple Rails environments (development, test, production, etc.), please note that env vars that are general to all environments should be stored in .env. Then, environment specific env vars should be stored in .env.<that environment's name>.

Should I commit my .env file?

Credentials should only be accessible on the machines that need access to them. Never commit sensitive information to a repository that is not needed by every development machine and server.

Personally, I prefer to commit the .env file with development-only settings. This makes it easy for other developers to get started on the project without compromising credentials for other environments. If you follow this advice, make sure that all the credentials for your development environment are different from your other deployments and that the development credentials do not have access to any confidential data.

Why is it not overwriting existing ENV variables?

By default, it won't overwrite existing environment variables as dotenv assumes the deployment environment has more knowledge about configuration than the application does. To overwrite existing environment variables you can use Dotenv.load files, overwrite: true.

You can also use the -o or --overwrite flag on the dotenv cli to overwrite existing ENV variables.

$ dotenv -o -f ".env.local,.env"

Contributing

If you want a better idea of how dotenv works, check out the Ruby Rogues Code Reading of dotenv.

  1. Fork it
  2. Create your feature branch (git checkout -b my-new-feature)
  3. Commit your changes (git commit -am 'Added some feature')
  4. Push to the branch (git push origin my-new-feature)
  5. Create new Pull Request