Class: UnboundMethod
Overview
********************************************************************
Ruby supports two forms of objectified methods. Class Method is
used to represent methods that are associated with a particular
object: these method objects are bound to that object. Bound
method objects for an object can be created using Object#method.
Ruby also supports unbound methods; methods objects that are not
associated with a particular object. These can be created either
by calling Module#instance_method or by calling #unbind on a bound
method object. The result of both of these is an UnboundMethod
object.
Unbound methods can only be called after they are bound to an
object. That object must be a kind_of? the method's original
class.
class Square
def area
@side * @side
end
def initialize(side)
@side = side
end
end
area_un = Square.instance_method(:area)
s = Square.new(12)
area = area_un.bind(s)
area.call #=> 144
Unbound methods are a reference to the method at the time it was
objectified: subsequent changes to the underlying class will not
affect the unbound method.
class Test
def test
:original
end
end
um = Test.instance_method(:test)
class Test
def test
:modified
end
end
t = Test.new
t.test #=> :modified
um.bind(t).call #=> :original
Instance Method Summary collapse
-
#==(other) ⇒ Object
Two method objects are equal if they are bound to the same object and refer to the same method definition and their owners are the same class or module.
-
#arity ⇒ Integer
Returns an indication of the number of arguments accepted by a method.
-
#bind(obj) ⇒ Object
Bind umeth to obj.
-
#bind_call(recv, args, ...) ⇒ Object
Bind umeth to recv and then invokes the method with the specified arguments.
-
#clone ⇒ Object
Returns a clone of this method.
-
#eql?(other) ⇒ Object
Two method objects are equal if they are bound to the same object and refer to the same method definition and their owners are the same class or module.
-
#hash ⇒ Integer
Returns a hash value corresponding to the method object.
-
#inspect ⇒ Object
Returns a human-readable description of the underlying method.
-
#name ⇒ Object
Returns the name of the method.
-
#original_name ⇒ Object
Returns the original name of the method.
-
#owner ⇒ Object
Returns the class or module that defines the method.
-
#parameters ⇒ Array
Returns the parameter information of this method.
-
#source_location ⇒ Array, Integer
Returns the Ruby source filename and line number containing this method or nil if this method was not defined in Ruby (i.e. native).
-
#super_method ⇒ Object
Returns a Method of superclass which would be called when super is used or nil if there is no method on superclass.
-
#to_s ⇒ Object
Returns a human-readable description of the underlying method.
Instance Method Details
#eql?(other_meth) ⇒ Boolean #==(other_meth) ⇒ Boolean
Two method objects are equal if they are bound to the same object and refer to the same method definition and their owners are the same class or module.
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# File 'proc.c', line 1632
static VALUE
method_eq(VALUE method, VALUE other)
{
struct METHOD *m1, *m2;
VALUE klass1, klass2;
if (!rb_obj_is_method(other))
return Qfalse;
if (CLASS_OF(method) != CLASS_OF(other))
return Qfalse;
Check_TypedStruct(method, &method_data_type);
m1 = (struct METHOD *)DATA_PTR(method);
m2 = (struct METHOD *)DATA_PTR(other);
klass1 = method_entry_defined_class(m1->me);
klass2 = method_entry_defined_class(m2->me);
if (!rb_method_entry_eq(m1->me, m2->me) ||
klass1 != klass2 ||
m1->klass != m2->klass ||
m1->recv != m2->recv) {
return Qfalse;
}
return Qtrue;
}
|
#arity ⇒ Integer
Returns an indication of the number of arguments accepted by a method. Returns a nonnegative integer for methods that take a fixed number of arguments. For Ruby methods that take a variable number of arguments, returns -n-1, where n is the number of required arguments. Keyword arguments will be considered as a single additional argument, that argument being mandatory if any keyword argument is mandatory. For methods written in C, returns -1 if the call takes a variable number of arguments.
class C
def one; end
def two(a); end
def three(*a); end
def four(a, b); end
def five(a, b, *c); end
def six(a, b, *c, &d); end
def seven(a, b, x:0); end
def eight(x:, y:); end
def nine(x:, y:, **z); end
def ten(*a, x:, y:); end
end
c = C.new
c.method(:one).arity #=> 0
c.method(:two).arity #=> 1
c.method(:three).arity #=> -1
c.method(:four).arity #=> 2
c.method(:five).arity #=> -3
c.method(:six).arity #=> -3
c.method(:seven).arity #=> -3
c.method(:eight).arity #=> 1
c.method(:nine).arity #=> 1
c.method(:ten).arity #=> -2
"cat".method(:size).arity #=> 0
"cat".method(:replace).arity #=> 1
"cat".method(:squeeze).arity #=> -1
"cat".method(:count).arity #=> -1
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# File 'proc.c', line 2598
static VALUE
method_arity_m(VALUE method)
{
int n = method_arity(method);
return INT2FIX(n);
}
|
#bind(obj) ⇒ Object
Bind umeth to obj. If Klass was the class from which umeth was obtained, obj.kind_of?(Klass) must be true.
class A
def test
puts "In test, class = #{self.class}"
end
end
class B < A
end
class C < B
end
um = B.instance_method(:test)
bm = um.bind(C.new)
bm.call
bm = um.bind(B.new)
bm.call
bm = um.bind(A.new)
bm.call
produces:
In test, class = C
In test, class = B
prog.rb:16:in `bind': bind argument must be an instance of B (TypeError)
from prog.rb:16
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# File 'proc.c', line 2441
static VALUE
umethod_bind(VALUE method, VALUE recv)
{
VALUE methclass, klass, iclass;
const rb_method_entry_t *me;
convert_umethod_to_method_components(method, recv, &methclass, &klass, &iclass, &me);
struct METHOD *bound;
method = TypedData_Make_Struct(rb_cMethod, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, bound);
RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->recv, recv);
RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->klass, klass);
RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->iclass, iclass);
RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->me, me);
return method;
}
|
#bind_call(recv, args, ...) ⇒ Object
Bind umeth to recv and then invokes the method with the specified arguments. This is semantically equivalent to umeth.bind(recv).call(args, ...).
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# File 'proc.c', line 2466
static VALUE
umethod_bind_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE method)
{
rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
VALUE recv = argv[0];
argc--;
argv++;
VALUE methclass, klass, iclass;
const rb_method_entry_t *me;
convert_umethod_to_method_components(method, recv, &methclass, &klass, &iclass, &me);
struct METHOD bound = { recv, klass, 0, me };
VALUE passed_procval = rb_block_given_p() ? rb_block_proc() : Qnil;
rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
return call_method_data(ec, &bound, argc, argv, passed_procval, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
}
|
#clone ⇒ Object
Returns a clone of this method.
class A
def foo
return "bar"
end
end
m = A.new.method(:foo)
m.call # => "bar"
n = m.clone.call # => "bar"
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# File 'proc.c', line 2205
static VALUE
method_clone(VALUE self)
{
VALUE clone;
struct METHOD *orig, *data;
TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, orig);
clone = TypedData_Make_Struct(CLASS_OF(self), struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
CLONESETUP(clone, self);
RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->recv, orig->recv);
RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->klass, orig->klass);
RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->iclass, orig->iclass);
RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->me, rb_method_entry_clone(orig->me));
return clone;
}
|
#eql?(other_meth) ⇒ Boolean #==(other_meth) ⇒ Boolean
Two method objects are equal if they are bound to the same object and refer to the same method definition and their owners are the same class or module.
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# File 'proc.c', line 1632
static VALUE
method_eq(VALUE method, VALUE other)
{
struct METHOD *m1, *m2;
VALUE klass1, klass2;
if (!rb_obj_is_method(other))
return Qfalse;
if (CLASS_OF(method) != CLASS_OF(other))
return Qfalse;
Check_TypedStruct(method, &method_data_type);
m1 = (struct METHOD *)DATA_PTR(method);
m2 = (struct METHOD *)DATA_PTR(other);
klass1 = method_entry_defined_class(m1->me);
klass2 = method_entry_defined_class(m2->me);
if (!rb_method_entry_eq(m1->me, m2->me) ||
klass1 != klass2 ||
m1->klass != m2->klass ||
m1->recv != m2->recv) {
return Qfalse;
}
return Qtrue;
}
|
#hash ⇒ Integer
Returns a hash value corresponding to the method object.
See also Object#hash.
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# File 'proc.c', line 1669
static VALUE
method_hash(VALUE method)
{
struct METHOD *m;
st_index_t hash;
TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, m);
hash = rb_hash_start((st_index_t)m->recv);
hash = rb_hash_method_entry(hash, m->me);
hash = rb_hash_end(hash);
return ST2FIX(hash);
}
|
#to_s ⇒ String #inspect ⇒ String
Returns a human-readable description of the underlying method.
"cat".method(:count).inspect #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
(1..3).method(:map).inspect #=> "#<Method: Range(Enumerable)#map()>"
In the latter case, the method description includes the “owner” of the original method (Enumerable module, which is included into Range).
inspect also provides, when possible, method argument names (call sequence) and source location.
require 'net/http'
Net::HTTP.method(:get).inspect
#=> "#<Method: Net::HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path=..., port=...) <skip>/lib/ruby/2.7.0/net/http.rb:457>"
... in argument definition means argument is optional (has some default value).
For methods defined in C (language core and extensions), location and argument names can’t be extracted, and only generic information is provided in form of * (any number of arguments) or _ (some positional argument).
"cat".method(:count).inspect #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
"cat".method(:+).inspect #=> "#<Method: String#+(_)>""
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# File 'proc.c', line 2801
static VALUE
method_inspect(VALUE method)
{
struct METHOD *data;
VALUE str;
const char *sharp = "#";
VALUE mklass;
VALUE defined_class;
TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
str = rb_sprintf("#<% "PRIsVALUE": ", rb_obj_class(method));
mklass = data->klass;
if (RB_TYPE_P(mklass, T_ICLASS)) {
/* TODO: I'm not sure why mklass is T_ICLASS.
* UnboundMethod#bind() can set it as T_ICLASS at convert_umethod_to_method_components()
* but not sure it is needed.
*/
mklass = RBASIC_CLASS(mklass);
}
if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS) {
defined_class = data->me->def->body.alias.original_me->owner;
}
else {
defined_class = method_entry_defined_class(data->me);
}
if (RB_TYPE_P(defined_class, T_ICLASS)) {
defined_class = RBASIC_CLASS(defined_class);
}
if (FL_TEST(mklass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
VALUE v = rb_ivar_get(mklass, attached);
if (data->recv == Qundef) {
rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(mklass));
}
else if (data->recv == v) {
rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(v));
sharp = ".";
}
else {
rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(data->recv));
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "(");
rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(v));
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
sharp = ".";
}
}
else {
rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(mklass));
if (defined_class != mklass) {
rb_str_catf(str, "(% "PRIsVALUE")", defined_class);
}
}
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, sharp);
rb_str_append(str, rb_id2str(data->me->called_id));
if (data->me->called_id != data->me->def->original_id) {
rb_str_catf(str, "(%"PRIsVALUE")",
rb_id2str(data->me->def->original_id));
}
if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_NOTIMPLEMENTED) {
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, " (not-implemented)");
}
// parameter information
{
VALUE params = rb_method_parameters(method);
VALUE pair, name, kind;
const VALUE req = ID2SYM(rb_intern("req"));
const VALUE opt = ID2SYM(rb_intern("opt"));
const VALUE keyreq = ID2SYM(rb_intern("keyreq"));
const VALUE key = ID2SYM(rb_intern("key"));
const VALUE rest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("rest"));
const VALUE keyrest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("keyrest"));
const VALUE block = ID2SYM(rb_intern("block"));
const VALUE nokey = ID2SYM(rb_intern("nokey"));
int forwarding = 0;
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "(");
for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(params); i++) {
pair = RARRAY_AREF(params, i);
kind = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 0);
name = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 1);
// FIXME: in tests it turns out that kind, name = [:req] produces name to be false. Why?..
if (NIL_P(name) || name == Qfalse) {
// FIXME: can it be reduced to switch/case?
if (kind == req || kind == opt) {
name = rb_str_new2("_");
}
else if (kind == rest || kind == keyrest) {
name = rb_str_new2("");
}
else if (kind == block) {
name = rb_str_new2("block");
}
else if (kind == nokey) {
name = rb_str_new2("nil");
}
}
if (kind == req) {
rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE, name);
}
else if (kind == opt) {
rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE"=...", name);
}
else if (kind == keyreq) {
rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE":", name);
}
else if (kind == key) {
rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE": ...", name);
}
else if (kind == rest) {
if (name == ID2SYM('*')) {
forwarding = 1;
rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "...");
}
else {
rb_str_catf(str, "*%"PRIsVALUE, name);
}
}
else if (kind == keyrest) {
rb_str_catf(str, "**%"PRIsVALUE, name);
}
else if (kind == block) {
if (name == ID2SYM('&')) {
if (forwarding) {
rb_str_set_len(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) - 2);
}
else {
rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "...");
}
}
else {
rb_str_catf(str, "&%"PRIsVALUE, name);
}
}
else if (kind == nokey) {
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "**nil");
}
if (i < RARRAY_LEN(params) - 1) {
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ", ");
}
}
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
}
{ // source location
VALUE loc = rb_method_location(method);
if (!NIL_P(loc)) {
rb_str_catf(str, " %"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE,
RARRAY_AREF(loc, 0), RARRAY_AREF(loc, 1));
}
}
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ">");
return str;
}
|
#name ⇒ Object
Returns the name of the method.
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# File 'proc.c', line 1734
static VALUE
method_name(VALUE obj)
{
struct METHOD *data;
TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
return ID2SYM(data->me->called_id);
}
|
#original_name ⇒ Object
Returns the original name of the method.
class C
def foo; end
alias foo
end
C.instance_method(:bar).original_name # => :foo
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# File 'proc.c', line 1756
static VALUE
method_original_name(VALUE obj)
{
struct METHOD *data;
TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
return ID2SYM(data->me->def->original_id);
}
|
#owner ⇒ Object
Returns the class or module that defines the method. See also Method#receiver.
(1..3).method(:map).owner #=> Enumerable
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# File 'proc.c', line 1775
static VALUE
method_owner(VALUE obj)
{
struct METHOD *data;
TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
return data->me->owner;
}
|
#parameters ⇒ Array
Returns the parameter information of this method.
def foo(); end
method(:foo).parameters #=> [[:req, :bar]]
def foo(, baz, bat, &blk); end
method(:foo).parameters #=> [[:req, :bar], [:req, :baz], [:req, :bat], [:block, :blk]]
def foo(, *args); end
method(:foo).parameters #=> [[:req, :bar], [:rest, :args]]
def foo(, baz, *args, &blk); end
method(:foo).parameters #=> [[:req, :bar], [:req, :baz], [:rest, :args], [:block, :blk]]
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# File 'proc.c', line 2758
static VALUE
rb_method_parameters(VALUE method)
{
const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_method_iseq(method);
if (!iseq) {
return rb_unnamed_parameters(method_arity(method));
}
return rb_iseq_parameters(iseq, 0);
}
|
#source_location ⇒ Array, Integer
Returns the Ruby source filename and line number containing this method or nil if this method was not defined in Ruby (i.e. native).
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# File 'proc.c', line 2733
VALUE
rb_method_location(VALUE method)
{
return method_def_location(rb_method_def(method));
}
|
#super_method ⇒ Object
Returns a Method of superclass which would be called when super is used or nil if there is no method on superclass.
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# File 'proc.c', line 3029
static VALUE
method_super_method(VALUE method)
{
const struct METHOD *data;
VALUE super_class, iclass;
ID mid;
const rb_method_entry_t *me;
TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
iclass = data->iclass;
if (!iclass) return Qnil;
super_class = RCLASS_SUPER(RCLASS_ORIGIN(iclass));
mid = data->me->called_id;
if (!super_class) return Qnil;
me = (rb_method_entry_t *)rb_callable_method_entry_with_refinements(super_class, mid, &iclass);
if (!me) return Qnil;
return mnew_internal(me, me->owner, iclass, data->recv, mid, rb_obj_class(method), FALSE, FALSE);
}
|
#to_s ⇒ String #inspect ⇒ String
Returns a human-readable description of the underlying method.
"cat".method(:count).inspect #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
(1..3).method(:map).inspect #=> "#<Method: Range(Enumerable)#map()>"
In the latter case, the method description includes the “owner” of the original method (Enumerable module, which is included into Range).
inspect also provides, when possible, method argument names (call sequence) and source location.
require 'net/http'
Net::HTTP.method(:get).inspect
#=> "#<Method: Net::HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path=..., port=...) <skip>/lib/ruby/2.7.0/net/http.rb:457>"
... in argument definition means argument is optional (has some default value).
For methods defined in C (language core and extensions), location and argument names can’t be extracted, and only generic information is provided in form of * (any number of arguments) or _ (some positional argument).
"cat".method(:count).inspect #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
"cat".method(:+).inspect #=> "#<Method: String#+(_)>""
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# File 'proc.c', line 2801
static VALUE
method_inspect(VALUE method)
{
struct METHOD *data;
VALUE str;
const char *sharp = "#";
VALUE mklass;
VALUE defined_class;
TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
str = rb_sprintf("#<% "PRIsVALUE": ", rb_obj_class(method));
mklass = data->klass;
if (RB_TYPE_P(mklass, T_ICLASS)) {
/* TODO: I'm not sure why mklass is T_ICLASS.
* UnboundMethod#bind() can set it as T_ICLASS at convert_umethod_to_method_components()
* but not sure it is needed.
*/
mklass = RBASIC_CLASS(mklass);
}
if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS) {
defined_class = data->me->def->body.alias.original_me->owner;
}
else {
defined_class = method_entry_defined_class(data->me);
}
if (RB_TYPE_P(defined_class, T_ICLASS)) {
defined_class = RBASIC_CLASS(defined_class);
}
if (FL_TEST(mklass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
VALUE v = rb_ivar_get(mklass, attached);
if (data->recv == Qundef) {
rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(mklass));
}
else if (data->recv == v) {
rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(v));
sharp = ".";
}
else {
rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(data->recv));
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "(");
rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(v));
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
sharp = ".";
}
}
else {
rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(mklass));
if (defined_class != mklass) {
rb_str_catf(str, "(% "PRIsVALUE")", defined_class);
}
}
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, sharp);
rb_str_append(str, rb_id2str(data->me->called_id));
if (data->me->called_id != data->me->def->original_id) {
rb_str_catf(str, "(%"PRIsVALUE")",
rb_id2str(data->me->def->original_id));
}
if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_NOTIMPLEMENTED) {
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, " (not-implemented)");
}
// parameter information
{
VALUE params = rb_method_parameters(method);
VALUE pair, name, kind;
const VALUE req = ID2SYM(rb_intern("req"));
const VALUE opt = ID2SYM(rb_intern("opt"));
const VALUE keyreq = ID2SYM(rb_intern("keyreq"));
const VALUE key = ID2SYM(rb_intern("key"));
const VALUE rest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("rest"));
const VALUE keyrest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("keyrest"));
const VALUE block = ID2SYM(rb_intern("block"));
const VALUE nokey = ID2SYM(rb_intern("nokey"));
int forwarding = 0;
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "(");
for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(params); i++) {
pair = RARRAY_AREF(params, i);
kind = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 0);
name = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 1);
// FIXME: in tests it turns out that kind, name = [:req] produces name to be false. Why?..
if (NIL_P(name) || name == Qfalse) {
// FIXME: can it be reduced to switch/case?
if (kind == req || kind == opt) {
name = rb_str_new2("_");
}
else if (kind == rest || kind == keyrest) {
name = rb_str_new2("");
}
else if (kind == block) {
name = rb_str_new2("block");
}
else if (kind == nokey) {
name = rb_str_new2("nil");
}
}
if (kind == req) {
rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE, name);
}
else if (kind == opt) {
rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE"=...", name);
}
else if (kind == keyreq) {
rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE":", name);
}
else if (kind == key) {
rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE": ...", name);
}
else if (kind == rest) {
if (name == ID2SYM('*')) {
forwarding = 1;
rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "...");
}
else {
rb_str_catf(str, "*%"PRIsVALUE, name);
}
}
else if (kind == keyrest) {
rb_str_catf(str, "**%"PRIsVALUE, name);
}
else if (kind == block) {
if (name == ID2SYM('&')) {
if (forwarding) {
rb_str_set_len(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) - 2);
}
else {
rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "...");
}
}
else {
rb_str_catf(str, "&%"PRIsVALUE, name);
}
}
else if (kind == nokey) {
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "**nil");
}
if (i < RARRAY_LEN(params) - 1) {
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ", ");
}
}
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
}
{ // source location
VALUE loc = rb_method_location(method);
if (!NIL_P(loc)) {
rb_str_catf(str, " %"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE,
RARRAY_AREF(loc, 0), RARRAY_AREF(loc, 1));
}
}
rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ">");
return str;
}
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