Class: Encoding

Inherits:
Object show all
Defined in:
encoding.c

Overview

An Encoding instance represents a character encoding usable in Ruby. It is defined as a constant under the Encoding namespace. It has a name and optionally, aliases:

Encoding::ISO_8859_1.name
#=> #<Encoding:ISO-8859-1>

Encoding::ISO_8859_1.names
#=> ["ISO-8859-1", "ISO8859-1"]

Ruby methods dealing with encodings return or accept Encoding instances as arguments (when a method accepts an Encoding instance as an argument, it can be passed an Encoding name or alias instead).

"some string".encoding
#=> #<Encoding:UTF-8>

string = "some string".encode(Encoding::ISO_8859_1)
#=> "some string"
string.encoding
#=> #<Encoding:ISO-8859-1>

"some string".encode "ISO-8859-1"
#=> "some string"

Encoding::ASCII_8BIT is a special encoding that is usually used for a byte string, not a character string. But as the name insists, its characters in the range of ASCII are considered as ASCII characters. This is useful when you use ASCII-8BIT characters with other ASCII compatible characters.

Changing an encoding

The associated Encoding of a String can be changed in two different ways.

First, it is possible to set the Encoding of a string to a new Encoding without changing the internal byte representation of the string, with String#force_encoding. This is how you can tell Ruby the correct encoding of a string.

string
#=> "R\xC3\xA9sum\xC3\xA9"
string.encoding
#=> #<Encoding:ISO-8859-1>
string.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
#=> "R\u00E9sum\u00E9"

Second, it is possible to transcode a string, i.e. translate its internal byte representation to another encoding. Its associated encoding is also set to the other encoding. See String#encode for the various forms of transcoding, and the Encoding::Converter class for additional control over the transcoding process.

string
#=> "R\u00E9sum\u00E9"
string.encoding
#=> #<Encoding:UTF-8>
string = string.encode!(Encoding::ISO_8859_1)
#=> "R\xE9sum\xE9"
string.encoding
#=> #<Encoding::ISO-8859-1>

Script encoding

All Ruby script code has an associated Encoding which any String literal created in the source code will be associated to.

The default script encoding is Encoding::UTF-8 after v2.0, but it can be changed by a magic comment on the first line of the source code file (or second line, if there is a shebang line on the first). The comment must contain the word coding or encoding, followed by a colon, space and the Encoding name or alias:

# encoding: UTF-8

"some string".encoding
#=> #<Encoding:UTF-8>

The __ENCODING__ keyword returns the script encoding of the file which the keyword is written:

# encoding: ISO-8859-1

__ENCODING__
#=> #<Encoding:ISO-8859-1>

ruby -K will change the default locale encoding, but this is not recommended. Ruby source files should declare its script encoding by a magic comment even when they only depend on US-ASCII strings or regular expressions.

Locale encoding

The default encoding of the environment. Usually derived from locale.

see Encoding.locale_charmap, Encoding.find(‘locale’)

Filesystem encoding

The default encoding of strings from the filesystem of the environment. This is used for strings of file names or paths.

see Encoding.find(‘filesystem’)

External encoding

Each IO object has an external encoding which indicates the encoding that Ruby will use to read its data. By default Ruby sets the external encoding of an IO object to the default external encoding. The default external encoding is set by locale encoding or the interpreter -E option. Encoding.default_external returns the current value of the external encoding.

ENV["LANG"]
#=> "UTF-8"
Encoding.default_external
#=> #<Encoding:UTF-8>

$ ruby -E ISO-8859-1 -e "p Encoding.default_external"
#<Encoding:ISO-8859-1>

$ LANG=C ruby -e 'p Encoding.default_external'
#<Encoding:US-ASCII>

The default external encoding may also be set through Encoding.default_external=, but you should not do this as strings created before and after the change will have inconsistent encodings. Instead use ruby -E to invoke ruby with the correct external encoding.

When you know that the actual encoding of the data of an IO object is not the default external encoding, you can reset its external encoding with IO#set_encoding or set it at IO object creation (see IO.new options).

Internal encoding

To process the data of an IO object which has an encoding different from its external encoding, you can set its internal encoding. Ruby will use this internal encoding to transcode the data when it is read from the IO object.

Conversely, when data is written to the IO object it is transcoded from the internal encoding to the external encoding of the IO object.

The internal encoding of an IO object can be set with IO#set_encoding or at IO object creation (see IO.new options).

The internal encoding is optional and when not set, the Ruby default internal encoding is used. If not explicitly set this default internal encoding is nil meaning that by default, no transcoding occurs.

The default internal encoding can be set with the interpreter option -E. Encoding.default_internal returns the current internal encoding.

$ ruby -e 'p Encoding.default_internal'
nil

$ ruby -E ISO-8859-1:UTF-8 -e "p [Encoding.default_external, \
  Encoding.default_internal]"
[#<Encoding:ISO-8859-1>, #<Encoding:UTF-8>]

The default internal encoding may also be set through Encoding.default_internal=, but you should not do this as strings created before and after the change will have inconsistent encodings. Instead use ruby -E to invoke ruby with the correct internal encoding.

IO encoding example

In the following example a UTF-8 encoded string “Ru00E9sumu00E9” is transcoded for output to ISO-8859-1 encoding, then read back in and transcoded to UTF-8:

string = "R\u00E9sum\u00E9"

open("transcoded.txt", "w:ISO-8859-1") do |io|
  io.write(string)
end

puts "raw text:"
p File.binread("transcoded.txt")
puts

open("transcoded.txt", "r:ISO-8859-1:UTF-8") do |io|
  puts "transcoded text:"
  p io.read
end

While writing the file, the internal encoding is not specified as it is only necessary for reading. While reading the file both the internal and external encoding must be specified to obtain the correct result.

$ ruby t.rb
raw text:
"R\xE9sum\xE9"

transcoded text:
"R\u00E9sum\u00E9"

Defined Under Namespace

Classes: CompatibilityError, Converter, ConverterNotFoundError, InvalidByteSequenceError, UndefinedConversionError

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Class Method Details

._load(str) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1226

static VALUE
enc_load(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
{
    return enc_find(klass, str);
}

.aliases ⇒ Object

Returns the hash of available encoding alias and original encoding name.

Encoding.aliases
#=> {"BINARY"=>"ASCII-8BIT", "ASCII"=>"US-ASCII", "ANSI_X3.4-1986"=>"US-ASCII",
      "SJIS"=>"Shift_JIS", "eucJP"=>"EUC-JP", "CP932"=>"Windows-31J"}



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1663

static VALUE
rb_enc_aliases(VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE aliases[2];
    aliases[0] = rb_hash_new();
    aliases[1] = rb_ary_new();
    st_foreach(enc_table.names, rb_enc_aliases_enc_i, (st_data_t)aliases);
    return aliases[0];
}

.compatible?(obj1, obj2) ⇒ nil

Checks the compatibility of two objects.

If the objects are both strings they are compatible when they are concatenatable. The encoding of the concatenated string will be returned if they are compatible, nil if they are not.

Encoding.compatible?("\xa1".force_encoding("iso-8859-1"), "b")
#=> #<Encoding:ISO-8859-1>

Encoding.compatible?(
  "\xa1".force_encoding("iso-8859-1"),
  "\xa1\xa1".force_encoding("euc-jp"))
#=> nil

If the objects are non-strings their encodings are compatible when they have an encoding and:

  • Either encoding is US-ASCII compatible

  • One of the encodings is a 7-bit encoding

Returns:

  • (nil)

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'encoding.c', line 1205

static VALUE
enc_compatible_p(VALUE klass, VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;

    if (!enc_capable(str1)) return Qnil;
    if (!enc_capable(str2)) return Qnil;
    enc = rb_enc_compatible(str1, str2);
    if (!enc) return Qnil;
    return rb_enc_from_encoding(enc);
}

.default_external ⇒ Object

Returns default external encoding.

The default external encoding is used by default for strings created from the following locations:

  • CSV

  • File data read from disk

  • SDBM

  • StringIO

  • Zlib::GzipReader

  • Zlib::GzipWriter

  • String#inspect

  • Regexp#inspect

While strings created from these locations will have this encoding, the encoding may not be valid. Be sure to check String#valid_encoding?.

File data written to disk will be transcoded to the default external encoding when written.

The default external encoding is initialized by the locale or -E option.



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1400

static VALUE
get_default_external(VALUE klass)
{
    return rb_enc_default_external();
}

.default_external=(enc) ⇒ Object

Sets default external encoding. You should not set Encoding::default_external in ruby code as strings created before changing the value may have a different encoding from strings created after the value was changed., instead you should use ruby -E to invoke ruby with the correct default_external.

See Encoding::default_external for information on how the default external encoding is used.



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1429

static VALUE
set_default_external(VALUE klass, VALUE encoding)
{
    rb_warning("setting Encoding.default_external");
    rb_enc_set_default_external(encoding);
    return encoding;
}

.default_internal ⇒ Object

Returns default internal encoding. Strings will be transcoded to the default internal encoding in the following places if the default internal encoding is not nil:

  • CSV

  • Etc.sysconfdir and Etc.systmpdir

  • File data read from disk

  • File names from Dir

  • Integer#chr

  • String#inspect and Regexp#inspect

  • Strings returned from Readline

  • Strings returned from SDBM

  • Time#zone

  • Values from ENV

  • Values in ARGV including $PROGRAM_NAME

Additionally String#encode and String#encode! use the default internal encoding if no encoding is given.

The locale encoding (__ENCODING__), not default_internal, is used as the encoding of created strings.

Encoding::default_internal is initialized by the source file’s internal_encoding or -E option.



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1484

static VALUE
get_default_internal(VALUE klass)
{
    return rb_enc_default_internal();
}

.default_internal=(enc) ⇒ Object

Sets default internal encoding or removes default internal encoding when passed nil. You should not set Encoding::default_internal in ruby code as strings created before changing the value may have a different encoding from strings created after the change. Instead you should use ruby -E to invoke ruby with the correct default_internal.

See Encoding::default_internal for information on how the default internal encoding is used.



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1510

static VALUE
set_default_internal(VALUE klass, VALUE encoding)
{
    rb_warning("setting Encoding.default_internal");
    rb_enc_set_default_internal(encoding);
    return encoding;
}

.find(string) ⇒ Object

Search the encoding with specified name. name should be a string.

Encoding.find("US-ASCII")  #=> #<Encoding:US-ASCII>

Names which this method accept are encoding names and aliases including following special aliases

“external”

default external encoding

“internal”

default internal encoding

“locale”

locale encoding

“filesystem”

filesystem encoding

An ArgumentError is raised when no encoding with name. Only Encoding.find("internal") however returns nil when no encoding named “internal”, in other words, when Ruby has no default internal encoding.



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1170

static VALUE
enc_find(VALUE klass, VALUE enc)
{
    int idx;
    if (is_obj_encoding(enc))
	return enc;
    idx = str_to_encindex(enc);
    if (idx == UNSPECIFIED_ENCODING) return Qnil;
    return rb_enc_from_encoding_index(idx);
}

.list ⇒ Array

Returns the list of loaded encodings.

Encoding.list
#=> [#<Encoding:ASCII-8BIT>, #<Encoding:UTF-8>,
      #<Encoding:ISO-2022-JP (dummy)>]

Encoding.find("US-ASCII")
#=> #<Encoding:US-ASCII>

Encoding.list
#=> [#<Encoding:ASCII-8BIT>, #<Encoding:UTF-8>,
      #<Encoding:US-ASCII>, #<Encoding:ISO-2022-JP (dummy)>]

Returns:



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1140

static VALUE
enc_list(VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(0);
    rb_ary_replace(ary, rb_encoding_list);
    return ary;
}

.locale_charmap ⇒ Object

.name_list ⇒ Array

Returns the list of available encoding names.

Encoding.name_list
#=> ["US-ASCII", "ASCII-8BIT", "UTF-8",
      "ISO-8859-1", "Shift_JIS", "EUC-JP",
      "Windows-31J",
      "BINARY", "CP932", "eucJP"]

Returns:



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1618

static VALUE
rb_enc_name_list(VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(enc_table.names->num_entries);
    st_foreach(enc_table.names, rb_enc_name_list_i, (st_data_t)ary);
    return ary;
}

Instance Method Details

#_dump(*args) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1218

static VALUE
enc_dump(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", 0);
    return enc_name(self);
}

#ascii_compatible? ⇒ Boolean

Returns whether ASCII-compatible or not.

Encoding::UTF_8.ascii_compatible?     #=> true
Encoding::UTF_16BE.ascii_compatible?  #=> false

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'encoding.c', line 501

static VALUE
enc_ascii_compatible_p(VALUE enc)
{
    return rb_enc_asciicompat(must_encoding(enc)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}

#dummy? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true for dummy encodings. A dummy encoding is an encoding for which character handling is not properly implemented. It is used for stateful encodings.

Encoding::ISO_2022_JP.dummy?       #=> true
Encoding::UTF_8.dummy?             #=> false

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'encoding.c', line 485

static VALUE
enc_dummy_p(VALUE enc)
{
    return ENC_DUMMY_P(must_encoding(enc)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}

#inspect ⇒ String

Returns a string which represents the encoding for programmers.

Encoding::UTF_8.inspect       #=> "#<Encoding:UTF-8>"
Encoding::ISO_2022_JP.inspect #=> "#<Encoding:ISO-2022-JP (dummy)>"

Returns:



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1057

static VALUE
enc_inspect(VALUE self)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;

    if (!is_data_encoding(self)) {
	not_encoding(self);
    }
    if (!(enc = DATA_PTR(self)) || rb_enc_from_index(rb_enc_to_index(enc)) != enc) {
	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "broken Encoding");
    }
    return rb_enc_sprintf(rb_usascii_encoding(),
			  "#<%"PRIsVALUE":%s%s%s>", rb_obj_class(self),
			  rb_enc_name(enc),
			  (ENC_DUMMY_P(enc) ? " (dummy)" : ""),
			  enc_autoload_p(enc) ? " (autoload)" : "");
}

#name ⇒ String #to_s ⇒ String

Returns the name of the encoding.

Encoding::UTF_8.name      #=> "UTF-8"

Overloads:



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1084

static VALUE
enc_name(VALUE self)
{
    return rb_usascii_str_new2(rb_enc_name((rb_encoding*)DATA_PTR(self)));
}

#names ⇒ Array

Returns the list of name and aliases of the encoding.

Encoding::WINDOWS_31J.names  #=> ["Windows-31J", "CP932", "csWindows31J"]

Returns:



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1111

static VALUE
enc_names(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE args[2];

    args[0] = (VALUE)rb_to_encoding_index(self);
    args[1] = rb_ary_new2(0);
    st_foreach(enc_table.names, enc_names_i, (st_data_t)args);
    return args[1];
}

#replicate(name) ⇒ Encoding

Returns a replicated encoding of enc whose name is name. The new encoding should have the same byte structure of enc. If name is used by another encoding, raise ArgumentError.

Returns:



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# File 'encoding.c', line 415

static VALUE
enc_replicate(VALUE encoding, VALUE name)
{
    return rb_enc_from_encoding_index(
	rb_enc_replicate(StringValueCStr(name),
			 rb_to_encoding(encoding)));
}

#name ⇒ String #to_s ⇒ String

Returns the name of the encoding.

Encoding::UTF_8.name      #=> "UTF-8"

Overloads:



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# File 'encoding.c', line 1084

static VALUE
enc_name(VALUE self)
{
    return rb_usascii_str_new2(rb_enc_name((rb_encoding*)DATA_PTR(self)));
}