Class: Numeric

Inherits:
Object show all
Includes:
Comparable
Defined in:
numeric.c,
numeric.c

Overview

Numeric is the class from which all higher-level numeric classes should inherit.

Numeric allows instantiation of heap-allocated objects. Other core numeric classes such as Integer are implemented as immediates, which means that each Integer is a single immutable object which is always passed by value.

a = 1
1.object_id == a.object_id   #=> true

There can only ever be one instance of the integer 1, for example. Ruby ensures this by preventing instantiation. If duplication is attempted, the same instance is returned.

Integer.new(1)                   #=> NoMethodError: undefined method `new' for Integer:Class
1.dup                            #=> 1
1.object_id == 1.dup.object_id   #=> true

For this reason, Numeric should be used when defining other numeric classes.

Classes which inherit from Numeric must implement coerce, which returns a two-member Array containing an object that has been coerced into an instance of the new class and self (see #coerce).

Inheriting classes should also implement arithmetic operator methods (+, -, * and /) and the <=> operator (see Comparable). These methods may rely on coerce to ensure interoperability with instances of other numeric classes.

class Tally < Numeric
  def initialize(string)
    @string = string
  end

  def to_s
    @string
  end

  def to_i
    @string.size
  end

  def coerce(other)
    [self.class.new('|' * other.to_i), self]
  end

  def <=>(other)
    to_i <=> other.to_i
  end

  def +(other)
    self.class.new('|' * (to_i + other.to_i))
  end

  def -(other)
    self.class.new('|' * (to_i - other.to_i))
  end

  def *(other)
    self.class.new('|' * (to_i * other.to_i))
  end

  def /(other)
    self.class.new('|' * (to_i / other.to_i))
  end
end

tally = Tally.new('||')
puts tally * 2            #=> "||||"
puts tally > 1            #=> true

Direct Known Subclasses

Complex, Float, Integer, Rational

Instance Method Summary collapse

Methods included from Comparable

#<, #<=, #==, #>, #>=, #between?, #clamp

Instance Method Details

#modulo(numeric) ⇒ Object

x.modulo(y) means x-y*(x/y).floor.

Equivalent to num.divmod(numeric)[1].

See Numeric#divmod.



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# File 'numeric.c', line 632

static VALUE
num_modulo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    VALUE q = num_funcall1(x, id_div, y);
    return rb_funcall(x, '-', 1,
		      rb_funcall(y, '*', 1, q));
}

#+ ⇒ Numeric

Unary Plus—Returns the receiver.

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 548

static VALUE
num_uplus(VALUE num)
{
    return num;
}

#- ⇒ Numeric

Unary Minus—Returns the receiver, negated.

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 578

static VALUE
num_uminus(VALUE num)
{
    VALUE zero;

    zero = INT2FIX(0);
    do_coerce(&zero, &num, TRUE);

    return num_funcall1(zero, '-', num);
}

#<=>(other) ⇒ 0?

Returns zero if number equals other, otherwise returns nil.

Returns:

  • (0, nil) 


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# File 'numeric.c', line 1366

static VALUE
num_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (x == y) return INT2FIX(0);
    return Qnil;
}

#abs ⇒ Numeric #magnitude ⇒ Numeric

Returns the absolute value of num.

12.abs         #=> 12
(-34.56).abs   #=> 34.56
-34.56.abs     #=> 34.56

Numeric#magnitude is an alias for Numeric#abs.

Overloads:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 756

static VALUE
num_abs(VALUE num)
{
    if (rb_num_negative_int_p(num)) {
	return num_funcall0(num, idUMinus);
    }
    return num;
}

#abs2 ⇒ Object

Returns square of self.



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# File 'complex.c', line 2185

static VALUE
numeric_abs2(VALUE self)
{
    return f_mul(self, self);
}

#arg ⇒ 0, Float #angle ⇒ 0, Float #phase ⇒ 0, Float

Returns 0 if the value is positive, pi otherwise.

Overloads:



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# File 'complex.c', line 2199

static VALUE
numeric_arg(VALUE self)
{
    if (f_positive_p(self))
        return INT2FIX(0);
    return DBL2NUM(M_PI);
}

#arg ⇒ 0, Float #angle ⇒ 0, Float #phase ⇒ 0, Float

Returns 0 if the value is positive, pi otherwise.

Overloads:



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# File 'complex.c', line 2199

static VALUE
numeric_arg(VALUE self)
{
    if (f_positive_p(self))
        return INT2FIX(0);
    return DBL2NUM(M_PI);
}

#ceil([ndigits]) ⇒ Integer, Float

Returns the smallest number greater than or equal to num with a precision of ndigits decimal digits (default: 0).

Numeric implements this by converting its value to a Float and invoking Float#ceil.

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 2468

static VALUE
num_ceil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
{
    return flo_ceil(argc, argv, rb_Float(num));
}

#clone(freeze: true) ⇒ Numeric

Returns the receiver. freeze cannot be false.

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 516

static VALUE
num_clone(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE x)
{
    return rb_immutable_obj_clone(argc, argv, x);
}

#coerce(numeric) ⇒ Array

If numeric is the same type as num, returns an array [numeric, num]. Otherwise, returns an array with both numeric and num represented as Float objects.

This coercion mechanism is used by Ruby to handle mixed-type numeric operations: it is intended to find a compatible common type between the two operands of the operator.

1.coerce(2.5)   #=> [2.5, 1.0]
1.2.coerce(3)   #=> [3.0, 1.2]
1.coerce(2)     #=> [2, 1]

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 413

static VALUE
num_coerce(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (CLASS_OF(x) == CLASS_OF(y))
	return rb_assoc_new(y, x);
    x = rb_Float(x);
    y = rb_Float(y);
    return rb_assoc_new(y, x);
}

#conj ⇒ self #conjugate ⇒ self

Returns self.

Overloads:

  • #conj ⇒ self

    Returns:

    • (self)
  • #conjugate ⇒ self

    Returns:

    • (self) 


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# File 'complex.c', line 2259

static VALUE
numeric_conj(VALUE self)
{
    return self;
}

#conj ⇒ self #conjugate ⇒ self

Returns self.

Overloads:

  • #conj ⇒ self

    Returns:

    • (self)
  • #conjugate ⇒ self

    Returns:

    • (self) 


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# File 'complex.c', line 2259

static VALUE
numeric_conj(VALUE self)
{
    return self;
}

#denominator ⇒ Integer

Returns the denominator (always positive).

Returns:



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# File 'rational.c', line 2007

static VALUE
numeric_denominator(VALUE self)
{
    return f_denominator(f_to_r(self));
}

#div(numeric) ⇒ Integer

Uses / to perform division, then converts the result to an integer. Numeric does not define the / operator; this is left to subclasses.

Equivalent to num.divmod(numeric)[0].

See Numeric#divmod.

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 614

static VALUE
num_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (rb_equal(INT2FIX(0), y)) rb_num_zerodiv();
    return rb_funcall(num_funcall1(x, '/', y), rb_intern("floor"), 0);
}

#divmod(numeric) ⇒ Array

Returns an array containing the quotient and modulus obtained by dividing num by numeric.

If q, r = x.divmod(y), then

q = floor(x/y)
x = q*y + r

The quotient is rounded toward negative infinity, as shown in the following table:

 a    |  b  |  a.divmod(b)  |   a/b   | a.modulo(b) | a.remainder(b)
------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
 13   |  4  |   3,    1     |   3     |    1        |     1
------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
 13   | -4  |  -4,   -3     |  -4     |   -3        |     1
------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
-13   |  4  |  -4,    3     |  -4     |    3        |    -1
------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
-13   | -4  |   3,   -1     |   3     |   -1        |    -1
------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
 11.5 |  4  |   2,    3.5   |   2.875 |    3.5      |     3.5
------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
 11.5 | -4  |  -3,   -0.5   |  -2.875 |   -0.5      |     3.5
------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
-11.5 |  4  |  -3,    0.5   |  -2.875 |    0.5      |    -3.5
------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
-11.5 | -4  |   2,   -3.5   |   2.875 |   -3.5      |    -3.5

Examples

11.divmod(3)        #=> [3, 2]
11.divmod(-3)       #=> [-4, -1]
11.divmod(3.5)      #=> [3, 0.5]
(-11).divmod(3.5)   #=> [-4, 3.0]
11.5.divmod(3.5)    #=> [3, 1.0]

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 707

static VALUE
num_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    return rb_assoc_new(num_div(x, y), num_modulo(x, y));
}

#dup ⇒ Numeric

Returns the receiver.

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 532

static VALUE
num_dup(VALUE x)
{
    return x;
}

#eql?(numeric) ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if num and numeric are the same type and have equal values. Contrast this with Numeric#==, which performs type conversions.

1 == 1.0        #=> true
1.eql?(1.0)     #=> false
1.0.eql?(1.0)   #=> true

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'numeric.c', line 1347

static VALUE
num_eql(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (TYPE(x) != TYPE(y)) return Qfalse;

    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_BIGNUM)) {
	return rb_big_eql(x, y);
    }

    return rb_equal(x, y);
}

#fdiv(numeric) ⇒ Float

Returns float division.

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 596

static VALUE
num_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    return rb_funcall(rb_Float(x), '/', 1, y);
}

#finite? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if num is a finite number, otherwise returns false.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'numeric.c', line 820

static VALUE
num_finite_p(VALUE num)
{
    return Qtrue;
}

#floor([ndigits]) ⇒ Integer, Float

Returns the largest number less than or equal to num with a precision of ndigits decimal digits (default: 0).

Numeric implements this by converting its value to a Float and invoking Float#floor.

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 2451

static VALUE
num_floor(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
{
    return flo_floor(argc, argv, rb_Float(num));
}

#i ⇒ Complex(0]

Returns the corresponding imaginary number. Not available for complex numbers.

-42.i  #=> (0-42i)
2.0.i  #=> (0+2.0i)

Returns Complex(0].

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 565

static VALUE
num_imaginary(VALUE num)
{
    return rb_complex_new(INT2FIX(0), num);
}

#imag ⇒ 0 #imaginary ⇒ 0

Returns zero.

Overloads:

  • #imag ⇒ 0

    Returns:

    • (0)
  • #imaginary ⇒ 0

    Returns:

    • (0) 


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# File 'complex.c', line 2173

static VALUE
numeric_imag(VALUE self)
{
    return INT2FIX(0);
}

#imag ⇒ 0 #imaginary ⇒ 0

Returns zero.

Overloads:

  • #imag ⇒ 0

    Returns:

    • (0)
  • #imaginary ⇒ 0

    Returns:

    • (0) 


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# File 'complex.c', line 2173

static VALUE
numeric_imag(VALUE self)
{
    return INT2FIX(0);
}

#infinite? ⇒ -1, ...

Returns nil, -1, or 1 depending on whether the value is finite, -Infinity, or +Infinity.

Returns:

  • (-1, 1, nil) 


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# File 'numeric.c', line 833

static VALUE
num_infinite_p(VALUE num)
{
    return Qnil;
}

#integer? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if num is an Integer.

1.0.integer?   #=> false
1.integer?     #=> true

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'numeric.c', line 736

static VALUE
num_int_p(VALUE num)
{
    return Qfalse;
}

#abs ⇒ Numeric #magnitude ⇒ Numeric

Returns the absolute value of num.

12.abs         #=> 12
(-34.56).abs   #=> 34.56
-34.56.abs     #=> 34.56

Numeric#magnitude is an alias for Numeric#abs.

Overloads:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 756

static VALUE
num_abs(VALUE num)
{
    if (rb_num_negative_int_p(num)) {
	return num_funcall0(num, idUMinus);
    }
    return num;
}

#modulo(numeric) ⇒ Object

x.modulo(y) means x-y*(x/y).floor.

Equivalent to num.divmod(numeric)[1].

See Numeric#divmod.



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# File 'numeric.c', line 632

static VALUE
num_modulo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    VALUE q = num_funcall1(x, id_div, y);
    return rb_funcall(x, '-', 1,
		      rb_funcall(y, '*', 1, q));
}

#negative? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if num is less than 0.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'numeric.c', line 886

static VALUE
num_negative_p(VALUE num)
{
    return rb_num_negative_int_p(num) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}

#nonzero? ⇒ self?

Returns self if num is not zero, nil otherwise.

This behavior is useful when chaining comparisons:

a = %w( z Bb bB bb BB a aA Aa AA A )
b = a.sort {|a,b| (a.downcase <=> b.downcase).nonzero? || a <=> b }
b   #=> ["A", "a", "AA", "Aa", "aA", "BB", "Bb", "bB", "bb", "z"]

Returns:

  • (self, nil) 


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# File 'numeric.c', line 805

static VALUE
num_nonzero_p(VALUE num)
{
    if (RTEST(num_funcall0(num, rb_intern("zero?")))) {
	return Qnil;
    }
    return num;
}

#numerator ⇒ Integer

Returns the numerator.

Returns:



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# File 'rational.c', line 1995

static VALUE
numeric_numerator(VALUE self)
{
    return f_numerator(f_to_r(self));
}

#arg ⇒ 0, Float #angle ⇒ 0, Float #phase ⇒ 0, Float

Returns 0 if the value is positive, pi otherwise.

Overloads:



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# File 'complex.c', line 2199

static VALUE
numeric_arg(VALUE self)
{
    if (f_positive_p(self))
        return INT2FIX(0);
    return DBL2NUM(M_PI);
}

#polar ⇒ Array

Returns an array; [num.abs, num.arg].

Returns:



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# File 'complex.c', line 2228

static VALUE
numeric_polar(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE abs, arg;

    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(self)) {
        abs = rb_int_abs(self);
        arg = numeric_arg(self);
    }
    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(self)) {
        abs = rb_float_abs(self);
        arg = float_arg(self);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(self, T_RATIONAL)) {
        abs = rb_rational_abs(self);
        arg = numeric_arg(self);
    }
    else {
        abs = f_abs(self);
        arg = f_arg(self);
    }
    return rb_assoc_new(abs, arg);
}

#positive? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if num is greater than 0.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'numeric.c', line 863

static VALUE
num_positive_p(VALUE num)
{
    const ID mid = '>';

    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
	if (method_basic_p(rb_cInteger))
	    return (SIGNED_VALUE)num > (SIGNED_VALUE)INT2FIX(0) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
	if (method_basic_p(rb_cInteger))
	    return BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(num) && !rb_bigzero_p(num) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
    }
    return rb_num_compare_with_zero(num, mid);
}

#quo(int_or_rat) ⇒ Object #quo(flo) ⇒ Object

Returns the most exact division (rational for integers, float for floats).



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# File 'rational.c', line 2022

VALUE
rb_numeric_quo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX)) {
        return rb_complex_div(x, y);
    }

    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
        return rb_funcallv(x, idFdiv, 1, &y);
    }

    if (canonicalization) {
        x = rb_rational_raw1(x);
    }
    else {
        x = rb_convert_type(x, T_RATIONAL, "Rational", "to_r");
    }
    return nurat_div(x, y);
}

#real ⇒ self

Returns self.

Returns:

  • (self) 


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# File 'complex.c', line 2160

static VALUE
numeric_real(VALUE self)
{
    return self;
}

#real? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if num is a real number (i.e. not Complex).

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'numeric.c', line 720

static VALUE
num_real_p(VALUE num)
{
    return Qtrue;
}

#rect ⇒ Array #rectangular ⇒ Array

Returns an array; [num, 0].

Overloads:



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# File 'complex.c', line 2214

static VALUE
numeric_rect(VALUE self)
{
    return rb_assoc_new(self, INT2FIX(0));
}

#rect ⇒ Array #rectangular ⇒ Array

Returns an array; [num, 0].

Overloads:



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# File 'complex.c', line 2214

static VALUE
numeric_rect(VALUE self)
{
    return rb_assoc_new(self, INT2FIX(0));
}

#remainder(numeric) ⇒ Object

x.remainder(y) means x-y*(x/y).truncate.

See Numeric#divmod.



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# File 'numeric.c', line 649

static VALUE
num_remainder(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    VALUE z = num_funcall1(x, '%', y);

    if ((!rb_equal(z, INT2FIX(0))) &&
	((rb_num_negative_int_p(x) &&
	  rb_num_positive_int_p(y)) ||
	 (rb_num_positive_int_p(x) &&
	  rb_num_negative_int_p(y)))) {
	return rb_funcall(z, '-', 1, y);
    }
    return z;
}

#round([ndigits]) ⇒ Integer, Float

Returns num rounded to the nearest value with a precision of ndigits decimal digits (default: 0).

Numeric implements this by converting its value to a Float and invoking Float#round.

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 2485

static VALUE
num_round(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
{
    return flo_round(argc, argv, rb_Float(num));
}

#singleton_method_added(name) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:

Trap attempts to add methods to Numeric objects. Always raises a TypeError.

Numerics should be values; singleton_methods should not be added to them.



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# File 'numeric.c', line 495

static VALUE
num_sadded(VALUE x, VALUE name)
{
    ID mid = rb_to_id(name);
    /* ruby_frame = ruby_frame->prev; */ /* pop frame for "singleton_method_added" */
    rb_remove_method_id(rb_singleton_class(x), mid);
    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
	     "can't define singleton method \"%"PRIsVALUE"\" for %"PRIsVALUE,
	     rb_id2str(mid),
	     rb_obj_class(x));

    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
}

#step(by: step, to: limit) {|i| ... } ⇒ self #step(by: step, to: limit) ⇒ Object #step(by: step, to: limit) ⇒ Object #step(limit = nil, step = 1) {|i| ... } ⇒ self #step(limit = nil, step = 1) ⇒ Object #step(limit = nil, step = 1) ⇒ Object

Invokes the given block with the sequence of numbers starting at num, incremented by step (defaulted to 1) on each call.

The loop finishes when the value to be passed to the block is greater than limit (if step is positive) or less than limit (if step is negative), where limit is defaulted to infinity.

In the recommended keyword argument style, either or both of step and limit (default infinity) can be omitted. In the fixed position argument style, zero as a step (i.e. num.step(limit, 0)) is not allowed for historical compatibility reasons.

If all the arguments are integers, the loop operates using an integer counter.

If any of the arguments are floating point numbers, all are converted to floats, and the loop is executed floor(n + n*Float::EPSILON) + 1 times, where n = (limit - num)/step.

Otherwise, the loop starts at num, uses either the less-than (<) or greater-than (>) operator to compare the counter against limit, and increments itself using the + operator.

If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead. Especially, the enumerator is an Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence if both limit and step are kind of Numeric or nil.

For example:

p 1.step.take(4)
p 10.step(by: -1).take(4)
3.step(to: 5) {|i| print i, " " }
1.step(10, 2) {|i| print i, " " }
Math::E.step(to: Math::PI, by: 0.2) {|f| print f, " " }

Will produce:

[1, 2, 3, 4]
[10, 9, 8, 7]
3 4 5
1 3 5 7 9
2.718281828459045 2.9182818284590453 3.118281828459045

Overloads:

  • #step(by: step, to: limit) {|i| ... } ⇒ self

    Yields:

    • (i)

    Returns:

    • (self)
  • #step(limit = nil, step = 1) {|i| ... } ⇒ self

    Yields:

    • (i)

    Returns:

    • (self) 


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# File 'numeric.c', line 2764

static VALUE
num_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE from)
{
    VALUE to, step;
    int desc, inf;

    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        VALUE by = Qundef;

        num_step_extract_args(argc, argv, &to, &step, &by);
        if (by != Qundef) {
            step = by;
        }
        if (NIL_P(step)) {
            step = INT2FIX(1);
        }
        if ((NIL_P(to) || rb_obj_is_kind_of(to, rb_cNumeric)) &&
            rb_obj_is_kind_of(step, rb_cNumeric)) {
            return rb_arith_seq_new(from, ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func()), argc, argv,
                                    num_step_size, from, to, step, FALSE);
        }

        return SIZED_ENUMERATOR(from, 2, ((VALUE [2]){to, step}), num_step_size);
    }

    desc = num_step_scan_args(argc, argv, &to, &step, TRUE, FALSE);
    if (rb_equal(step, INT2FIX(0))) {
	inf = 1;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(to, T_FLOAT)) {
	double f = RFLOAT_VALUE(to);
	inf = isinf(f) && (signbit(f) ? desc : !desc);
    }
    else inf = 0;

    if (FIXNUM_P(from) && (inf || FIXNUM_P(to)) && FIXNUM_P(step)) {
	long i = FIX2LONG(from);
	long diff = FIX2LONG(step);

	if (inf) {
	    for (;; i += diff)
		rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
	}
	else {
	    long end = FIX2LONG(to);

	    if (desc) {
		for (; i >= end; i += diff)
		    rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
	    }
	    else {
		for (; i <= end; i += diff)
		    rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
	    }
	}
    }
    else if (!ruby_float_step(from, to, step, FALSE, FALSE)) {
	VALUE i = from;

	if (inf) {
	    for (;; i = rb_funcall(i, '+', 1, step))
		rb_yield(i);
	}
	else {
	    ID cmp = desc ? '<' : '>';

	    for (; !RTEST(rb_funcall(i, cmp, 1, to)); i = rb_funcall(i, '+', 1, step))
		rb_yield(i);
	}
    }
    return from;
}

#to_c ⇒ Object

Returns the value as a complex.



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# File 'complex.c', line 1707

static VALUE
numeric_to_c(VALUE self)
{
    return rb_complex_new1(self);
}

#to_int ⇒ Integer

Invokes the child class’s to_i method to convert num to an integer.

1.0.class          #=> Float
1.0.to_int.class   #=> Integer
1.0.to_i.class     #=> Integer

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 850

static VALUE
num_to_int(VALUE num)
{
    return num_funcall0(num, id_to_i);
}

#truncate([ndigits]) ⇒ Integer, Float

Returns num truncated (toward zero) to a precision of ndigits decimal digits (default: 0).

Numeric implements this by converting its value to a Float and invoking Float#truncate.

Returns:



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# File 'numeric.c', line 2502

static VALUE
num_truncate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
{
    return flo_truncate(argc, argv, rb_Float(num));
}

#zero? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if num has a zero value.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'numeric.c', line 772

static VALUE
num_zero_p(VALUE num)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
	if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(num)) {
	    return Qtrue;
	}
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
	if (rb_bigzero_p(num)) {
	    /* this should not happen usually */
	    return Qtrue;
	}
    }
    else if (rb_equal(num, INT2FIX(0))) {
	return Qtrue;
    }
    return Qfalse;
}